Fig. 6
From: Tertiary lymphoid structures in diseases: immune mechanisms and therapeutic advances
Therapies related to TLS formation and function. Several methods have been designed to induce TLS formation. Stromal cells injected alone or co-injected with artificial scaffolds, or DCs, provide a favorable space for TLSs. Chemokines and cytokines involved in TLS formation and B cell maturation, such as IL-13, CXCL13, LIGHT, LTα1β2, and CCL21, are introduced through engineering DCs and biomaterials. In addition, some receptor agonists also promote TLS formation. Other therapy strategies, including chemotherapy, vaccines, agonists, and ICB therapies, can also modulate TLS function
