Fig. 2
Risk factors for breast cancer. Hormonal factors such as long-term exposure to estrogen, nulliparity and no breastfeeding, late menopause, or early menarche increase the risk of breast cancer. Genetic predisposition is a serious health hazard. High penetrant mutations and genetic polymorphisms are the two parts. Patients with genetic mutations such as BRCA1/2 or patients whose first-degree relative has history of breast cancer are more susceptible to this malignancy. Low penetrant mutations, including GSTM1 and NQO2, are included in genetic polymorphisms of breast cancer susceptibility. Unhealthy lifestyle may also lead to breast cancer. Overdose exposure to radiation and/or heavy alcohol consumption, smoking, having diet high in fat or sugar, obesity, physical inactivity are the leading causes. HR hazard ratio, CI confidence interval. The figure was created with Biorender.com
