Fig. 5

Extracellular vesicle-based therapy in ARDS. EVs secreted by MSCs or other cells primarily exert their effects by cargos such as miRNAs and mitochondria. These contents can alleviate alveolar-capillary barrier damage, and regulate macrophage function, thereby achieving anti-inflammatory and immune regulatory functions. *EVs extracellular vesicles, MSC mesenchymal stromal cell, epi-EVs epithelium-derived extracellular vesicles, endo-EVs endothelium-derived extracellular vesicles