Fig. 6

Main therapies of ARDS. With the deepening of research, the treatment methods of ARDS have developed many new factions based on traditional treatment methods. Clinical trials have confirmed the effectiveness of cell therapy in the treatment of ARDS, especially stem cells and cell components. In addition, targeted therapy with targeted immunotherapy as its core also shows good therapeutic effects. However, due to the significant heterogeneity of ARDS, emerging evidence has revealed that personalized medicine should be administered in different ARDS subphenotypes. *Targeted therapy: Targeted therapy for ARDS focuses on interrupting or modifying specific molecular, genetic, or cellular mechanisms underlying lung injury and inflammation, thus reducing symptoms and improving outcomes. Personalized therapy: Personalized treatment of ARDS refers to developing personalized treatment methods based on the individual characteristics of the patient, such as genetic makeup, medical history, and unique disease manifestations, to optimize treatment efficacy and minimize side effects. HFNO high-flow nasal cannula oxygen, NIV noninvasive ventilation, PEEP positive end-expiratory pressure, ARDS Acute respiratory distress syndrome, CARDS COVID-19 related acute respiratory distress syndrome, TNF-α tumor necrosis factor alpha, GM-CSF granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, KGF keratinocyte Growth Factor, NET neutrophil extracellular trap, TNFSF14 lymphocyte-inducing protein, NLRP3 NOD-, LRR- and pyrin domain-containing 3, NF-κB nuclear factor kappa B, STAT signal transducer and activator of transcription, Nrf2: nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2