Fig. 3

Administration of A. muciniphila-associated butyric acid reverses stress-mediated cancer stemness and anxiety-like behavior. a The enriched KEGG metabolic pathways of upregulated fecal microbiota genes in C57BL/6J mice inoculated with Py8119 tumors following stress treatment. b The enriched GO metabolic pathways of upregulated fecal microbiota genes in C57BL/6J mice inoculated with Py8119 tumors following stress treatment. c Levels of fecal short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) such as acetic acid (AA), propionic acid (PA), butyric acid (BA), isobutyric acid (IBA), valeric acid (VA), isovaleric acid (IVA), 4-methylvaleric acid (4-MVA), hexanoic acid (HA) in mice inoculated with Py8119 tumors undergoing stress paradigm (n = 10 mice per group). d Levels of multiple SCFAs in Py8119 tumors following stress treatment (n = 10 mice per group). e Levels of fecal butyric acid in mice inoculated with Py8119 tumors undergoing stress paradigm and AKK treatment (n = 8 mice per group). f Schematic of the MMTV-PyMT mice in Ctrl and Stress groups treated with 200 mg/kg sodium butyrate (NaBu) or saline (n = 6 mice per group). g Representative tumor images from MMTV-PyMT mice treated with NaBu or saline in the Ctrl and Stress groups (n = 6 mice per group). h Tumor growth curves of MMTV-PyMT mice (n = 6 mice per group). i Relative protein levels of NANOG and SOX2 in MMTV-PyMT tumors. j Schematic of the Ctrl or stressed C57BL/6J mice inoculated with Py8119 cells. The NaBu and NaBu+Stress groups treated with 200 mg/kg NaBu or saline (n = 8 mice per group) for 21 days. k Representative bioluminescence images of Py8119-pLVX-MCS-Luc2 orthotopic tumors in the Ctrl and Stress groups treated with NaBu or saline. l Tumor volumes from Ctrl and Stress mice treated with NaBu or saline (n = 8 mice per group). m Representative HE photomicrographs and NANOG and Ki67 staining from tumors of the Ctrl and Stress group treated with NaBu or saline (Scale bar, 50 μm). n Quantitative results IHC staining from indicated markers in indicated groups (n = 6 representative images). o Schematic of C57BL/6J mice inoculated with Py8119 cells in the Ctrl and Stress groups treated with high fiber diet (HFD) or normal diet (ND) for 21 days (n = 8 mice per group). p Representative bioluminescence images of Py8119-pLVX-MCS-Luc2 orthotopic tumors from Ctrl and Stress mice given the HFD or ND. q Tumor volumes from Ctrl and Stress mice treated with or without HFD (n = 8 mice per group). All data represent the mean ± s.d. (a, b) by Mann Whitney U test, (c, d, h, l, q) by two-tailed, unpaired Student’s t-test. e, n by one-way ANOVA. For multiple comparisons, p-values were adjusted using the FDR correction. P values are as indicated