Table 1 Common cytokines and their features
From: Deep insight into cytokine storm: from pathogenesis to treatment
Cytokines | Main cell type | Major Function |
|---|---|---|
IL-1 | Macrophages, epithelial cells, pyroptic cells | Pro-inflammatory; pyrogenic; macrophage activation; Th17 cells differentiation.563 |
IL-2 | T cells | Autoimmunity regulation; T cell proliferation and differentiation; Teff generation; Treg maintenance.564 |
IL-4 | Mast cells, Th2 cells, eosinophils, and basophils | Anti-inflammatory; IgE production; Th2 differentiation; M2 macrophage polarization155 |
IL-6 | Macrophages, T cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells | Pro-inflammatory; acute phase response; pyrogenic; angiogenic; T cell differentiation; enhanced antibody production, increased vascular permeability.565 |
IL-9 | Th9 cells, type 2 innate lymphoid cells, Tc9 cells, Vδ2 T cells, mast cells | Pleiotropic; anti-tumor; T cells and B cells regulation; mast cells activation.566 |
IL-10 | Th2 cells, Treg cells, CD8+ T cells, B cells | Anti-inflammatory; suppression of immune response; inhibition of macrophage activation; inhibition of Th1 cells; Treg response.567 |
IL-12 | DCs, macrophages | Th1 cell differentiation; activation of T and NK cells; inhibition of immunosuppressive cells; induction of IFN-γ production; action in synergy with IL-18.568 |
IL-13 | Th2 cells | Anti-inflammatory; B cell proliferation; activation of eosinophils, basophils, and mast cells.569 |
IL-17 | Th17 cells, Tc17 cells, NK cells, γδ T cells, type 3 innate lymphoid cells | Pro-inflammatory; bacterial elimination; induction of cytokines and chemokines; immune cell recruitment.570 |
IL-18 | Macrophages, DCs | Pro-inflammatory; activation of Th1 cells; action in synergy with IL-12.571 |
IL-21 | Tfh cells | Pro-inflammatory; B cell activation; CD8+ T differentiation and activation.572 |
IL-22 | Th1, Th17, Th22, CD8+ T cells, γδ T cells, NK cells, neutrophils | Regulation of host defense and epithelial homeostasis; antimicrobial.573 |
IL-31 | Th2 cells, macrophages, DCs, eosinophils, mast cells, fibroblasts and keratinocytes | Pro-inflammatory; cell mediated immunity; itch mediator.574 |
IL-33 | Endothelial cells, epithelial cells, macrophages, DCs, mast cells | Pro-inflammatory; activation of Th1, Th2, NK cells, CD8+ T cells; allergic inflammation.575 |
IL-37 | Macrophages, DCs, epithelial cells, Treg cells | Anti-inflammatory; suppression of innate inflammatory and immune responses.576 |
Type I IFN | Virtually all body cells | Antimicrobial activity; modulation of innate immune responses; activate the adaptive immune system.577 |
Type II IFN | NK cells, Th1 cells, cytotoxic T cells | Proinflammatory; antiviral immunity, regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses.578 |
TGF-β | Almost every tissue and cell type | Immunosuppressive; oncogenic; regulation of cell proliferation, embryonic development, wound healing, and immune response.579 |
TNF | T cells, NK cells, macrophages, mast cells | Pyrogenic; increasing vascular permeability.580 |
