Fig. 1

Single-cell profile of TME shaped by the gut microbiota and ICI treatment. a Schematic representation of the experimental design for scRNA-seq and experimental validations across four groups with different treatment strategies. b Line graph depicts the volumetric progression of subcutaneous tumors across four treatment groups. Each group consists of 8 mice (two batches combined). Data are represented as mean ± SEM. c The UMAP projection on the left illustrates cellular subpopulations, with dashed lines demarcating immune and stromal cells. The UMAP on the right highlights the expression of canonical genes for the identified clusters. d Bubble plot indicating the expression patterns of canonical marker genes for cellular clusters. e Bar graph showing the proportional representation of cell types across four groups. f The UMAP on the left highlights the expression of Cd4 and Cd8a in the T cell cluster. The bar graph on the right presents the proportional distribution of CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells across four groups. g Multiplex immunofluorescence (mIF) imagery revealing the spatial distribution and abundance of Cd3 labeled T cells across four groups. h Flow cytometric analysis charting the relative abundance of T cells across four groups. I Box-and-whisker plots comparing the flow cytometry determined proportions of CD3⁺ T cells, CD4⁺ T cells, and CD8⁺ T cells across four groups. Each group consists of 4 mice