Fig. 3

Synergistic effects of gut microbiota and ICI treatment on double-negative T (DNT) cells. a Representative mIF images illustrate the abundance of DNT cells (CD3⁺/CD4⁻/CD8⁻ T cells) within subcutaneous tumors across four groups. b Box plots depict the distribution and median counts of tumor-infiltrating DNT cells in subcutaneous tumors across four groups. Each group comprises four tumor samples, with data collected from two sections per tumor. c Comparison of tumor-infiltrating DNT cells in normobiotic mice with those germ-free counterparts based on GSE181745 dataset. d UMAP visualization delineates the clustering and subtypes of DNT cells. e Bar chart depicts the proportional distribution of DNT cell subtypes across four groups. f Kaplan–Meier survival curves associating tumor-infiltrating γδ T cell abundance with immunotherapy response. g Bubble chart depicts the functional enrichment analysis of gene sets in γδ T cells derived from subcutaneous tumors in the PW group compared to the others. h Heatmap of MHC-I related gene expression in tumor-infiltrating γδ T cells across four groups. i Line graph depicts the volumetric progression of subcutaneous tumors across eight groups. Each group consists of 4 mice. Data are represented as mean ± SEM. j Box-and-whisker plot represents the proportion of T cell subtypes quantified by multiplex immunofluorescence within the subcutaneous tumors of each mouse group, four tumor samples in each group, with data derived from two sections per sample