Fig. 7

Stimulation of CD8⁺ T by APCs mediated by γδ T cells. a Volcano plot delineates the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in macrophages and monocytes from subcutaneous tumors of the PW group compared with those from the others. b Bar graph shows the pathway enrichment analysis of DEGs as shown in (a). c Heatmap presents the expression levels of MHC-II-related genes in antigen-presenting conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) and monocytes/macrophages across four groups. d Schematic graph (left) depicts the key genes in the non-canonical NFκB pathway, the expression of which in cDCs and monocyte/macrophages was illustrated in the heatmap (right) across four mouse groups. Created with BioRender.com. e Violin plot reveals the MAGIC⁹¹-imputed expression levels of Cd40lg across all cell types. f Network graph portrays the cell interaction strength between different cell types within the Cd40l-Cd40 pathway. g Bubble plot indicates the interaction strength of the Cd40l-Cd40 pathway between γδ T cells and cDCs, monocytes, and macrophage subsets across four groups. h Representative multiplex immunofluorescence (mIF) images (left) illustrate the spatial distribution of interacting Cd40l⁺ γδ T cells and Cd40⁺ APCs within the subcutaneous tumors, box plot (right) shows the numbers of interacting Cd40l⁺ γδ T cells and Cd40⁺ APC pairs within the subcutaneous tumors across four groups. Each group comprises four tumor samples, with data collected from two sections per tumor. i Network graphs on the left show the differential interaction strength of the Cd86-Cd28 pathway between tumor-infiltrating CD8⁺ T cells with other cell types in the PW group compared with those in the other three groups; network graphs on the right display the differential interaction strength of the Cd86-Cd28 pathway between tumor-infiltrating CD8⁺ T cells in Cd40 agonist-treated mice compared to those in control mice. j Bubble plot demonstrates the interaction strength of the Cd86-Cd28 pathway between tumor-infiltrating macrophages/monocytes/cDCs and CD8⁺ T cells as shown in (i). k Representative mIF images (left) illustrates the spatial distribution of interacting Cd86⁺ APC and Cd28⁺Cd8⁺ T cells within the subcutaneous tumors, box plot (right) shows the numbers of interacting Cd86⁺ APC and Cd28⁺Cd8⁺ T cells pair within the subcutaneous tumors across four groups. Each group comprises four tumor samples, with data collected from two sections per tumor. l Box plot compares the ratio of tumor-infiltrating CD8⁺ effector memory/central memory T cells to CD8⁺ exhausted T cells between Cd40 agonist-treated mice (n = 2) and control groups (n = 3). m Pie chart illustrates the ratio of CD8⁺ effector memory/central memory T cells proportion to CD8⁺ exhausted T cells across four groups. n Marginal density scatter plot shows the proportion of tumor-infiltrating CD8⁺ effector memory and γδ T cells in patients from BLCA immunotherapy cohorts. o Scatter plot illustrating the linear correlation between changes in γδ T cell abundance and CD8⁺ effector & memory T cell abundance before and after FMT. The x-axis represents the change in γδ T cells, while the y-axis represents the change in CD8⁺ effector & memory T cells, both expressed as percentile rank changes. Density distributions of NR (non-responders, blue) and R (responders, red) groups are shown on the top and right sides of the plot. The dataset includes a total of nine pairs of samples