Fig. 2
From: Advances in molecular pathology and therapy of non-small cell lung cancer
Known carcinogenic causes of lung cancer (cited from the World Cancer Report, Cancer research for cancer prevention, 2020, with modifications and updates). The carcinogenic causes of lung cancer vary by region, race, and gender. Collectively, they, when combined, contribute to the development of lung cancer, including environmental pollution, unhealthy lifestyle habits, and genetic predisposition, though the extent may vary among individuals. Over time, with social progress, the nature of these carcinogenic factors has evolved; for example, infections have increasingly been linked to environmental pollution, and traditional tobacco use has shifted toward electronic cigarettes
