Fig. 3

PPAR signaling is enhanced by MG53 overexpression. a Trajectory analysis of Epcam⁺CD45⁻ intestinal epithelial cells Using Monocle 2. b KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of the differentially expressed genes between the secretory and absorptive branches. GSEA results (c) and the heatmap of differentially expressed genes (d) related to fatty acid oxidation and PPAR signaling derived from the bulk RNAseq data of the intestinal organoids from MG53-TG and WT mice. n = 4 for each group. Representative images (e) and statistic results of signal intensity of the immunofluorescence staining of MG53 (green) and PPARα (red) determined by Aperio Scanscope scanner and Halo software (f), as well as the correlation of the levels of these two proteins (g) in the human small intestine of normal subjects (n = 5) and patients with intestinal inflammation (n = 8). Nuclei were stained with DAPI (blue); scale bars as indicated. Representative images (h) and statistic results of signal intensity of the immunofluorescence staining of MG53 (green) and PPARα (red) determined by Aperio Scanscope scanner and Halo software (i), as well as the correlation of the levels of these two proteins (j) in the human colon of normal subjects (n = 4) and patients with intestinal inflammation (n = 12). Normal distribution was confirmed by Shapiro–Wilk test. Data were analyzed using Mann–Whitney U test (f, i) and Pearson correlation analysis (g, j). Data were presented as mean ± s.e.m. *p < 0.05 as compared with the corresponding controls