Fig. 2

Genomic change in ESCC. a Mutation landscape. The top panel displays the TMB for each sample, the middle panel illustrates the distribution of the top 20 most frequently mutated genes across the cohort, and the bottom panel shows various clinical features. Sequencing depth of WGS was 100X. b Kaplan–Meier analysis comparing OS probabilities between patients with MUC family wild-type (n = 141) and mutated genes (n = 58) (p value = 0.015). Patients with mutations in at least one of the genes MUC12, MUC17, MUC5B were categorized into the mutation group. c Comparison of TMB in ESCC with various cancer types from the Cancer Genome Atlas Program (TCGA). d TMB distribution across different pathological stages. e Comparison of the mutation frequencies of high-frequency genes across different pathological stages. T-test, *, **, ***, **** indicate p-values < 0.05, <0.01, <0.001 and <0.0001, respectively. f Co-mutation analysis demonstrating mutual exclusivity and co-occurrence among 15 selected genes. Brown represents mutual exclusivity, while green represents co-occurrence. Asterisks indicate significant co-occurrence