Fig. 3

Statistical analysis of the disease type, extracellular vesicle (EV) source, and sponsor country of the 117 interventional studies. a The disease type was categorized into inflammatory (e.g., osteoarthritis, Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, inflammatory bowel disease), pulmonary (e.g., COVID-19, acute respiratory distress syndrome, bronchopulmonary dysplasia), skin (e.g., burns, wounds, androgenetic alopecia, fistula perianal), nervous system (e.g., ischemic stroke, Alzheimer disease), cancer (e.g., lung cancer, colon cancer, lymphoma), and other diseases (e.g., premature ovarian failure, myocardial infarction). b The EV sources used in the studies were categorized. Other stem cells represent stem cells that are not mesenchymal stem cells, such as induced pluripotent stem cells and limbal stem cells. The blood source included blood cells and plasma. Others are sources that are not included in the categorized sources. c The sponsor countries of the studies were analyzed. The values represent the number of studies and are shown in Arabic numerals