Table 1 Markers of Treg cells
From: Regulatory T cells in homeostasis and disease: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential
Markers | Alias | Distributed | Characteristic | Function |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Intracellular Markers | ||||
Foxp3 | Forkhead box P3 | Treg cells | Transcription factors | |
Helios | Treg cells | Transcription factors | Helios is critical for maintaining Treg identity, repressing their ability to express effector cytokines, involved in the regulation of lymphocyte development.81,82 | |
Extracellular Markers | ||||
CD304 | NRP1 | Tregs, dendritic cells, endothelial cells, neuronal cells, epithelial and tumor cells | Transmembrane glycoprotein | NRP1 is a multifunctional receptor that plays key roles in various biological processes, particularly in immune regulation, angiogenesis, and neural development.55,56,537 |
CD25 | IL-2Rα/Ly-43/P55/Tac | Activated T and B cells, thymocyte subsets, pre-B cells, Treg cells | Transmembrane glycoprotein | Marker of T cell activation, one of biomarkers to track disease progression and to indicate outcome for clinical disorders; a therapeutic target.15,83,538 |
CD39 | NTPDase 1 | B cells, dendritic cells, T cell subsets, Treg cells, memory T cells | Transmembrane glycoprotein | Degrade ATP to AMP, hydrolysis of extracellular ATP is crucial in terms of their immunosuppressive functions.84,86 |
CD73 | 5’Nucleotidase | Myeloid cells, T cells | Transmembrane glycoprotein | Convert extracellular ATP to immunosuppressive adenosine in concert with CD39 in normal tissues to limit excessive immune response.84,85,86 |
CD62L | LECAM-1 | B and T cells, NK cells, tumor cells monocytes, granulocytes, | Transmembrane glycoprotein | Regulates leukocyte migration to inflammation sites and lymphocyte recirculation between blood and lymphoid tissues.88,89,539 |
CD103 | ITGAE | T cells | Transmembrane glycoprotein | Mediates cell adhesion, migration, and lymphocyte homing of cell through interaction with E-cadherin.90 |
FR4 | FRα | Treg cells | Transmembrane glycoprotein | Bind to CD4 and CD25 to distinguish Tregs from other types of T cells; significantly downregulates the expression of Tregs and improves the effect of chemotherapy and PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors.93,94 |
CD127low | IL-7Rα | Naive CD4+ T cells, immature B cell, T cells, a subset of monocytes, a subset of CD34+ cells | Transmembrane glycoprotein | It can serve as a marker of Treg and conventional T cell differentiation.95,540 |
CD152 | CTLA-4/Ly-56 | Activated T cells, B cells | Transmembrane glycoprotein | Functions as an immune checkpoint receptor and downregulates immune responses.97,98,99 |
GITR | TNFRSF18/AITR | Activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, NK cells, myeloid cells, Treg cells | Transmembrane glycoprotein | Enhance T cell activation, proliferation, and cytokine production, and eliminate the inhibitory function of Tregs. Activation of GITR in vivo leads to the development of autoimmune diseases and restores suppressed immune responses.100,418,541 |
CD223 | LAG-3 | NK cells, B cells, activated and exhausted CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, Treg cells, dendritic cells | Transmembrane glycoprotein | Delivering inhibitory signals that regulate immune cell homeostasis, T cell activation, proliferation, cytokine production, cytolytic activity and other functions.402 |
TIGIT | Vstm3/VSIG9 | T cells, B cells and NK cells | Transmembrane glycoprotein | TIGIT is a coinhibitory receptor expressed on T cells and natural killer (NK) cells, playing a key role in immune regulation by interacting with its ligands, such as CD155 (PVR) and CD112 (Nectin-2).542,543 |
