Abstract
Study design
This work is a systematic review with meta-analysis
Objective
Evaluate the effect of electrical stimulation (ES) on skeletal muscle volume and spasticity in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI).
Setting
University of Brasilia, Brazil
Methods
Searches were conducted of the Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, CINAHL, PEDro, PsycINFO and EMBASE electronic databases for relevant articles published up to June 2018. No restrictions were imposed regarding the year of publication. The inclusion criteria were randomized controlled trials involving adults with SCI comparing ES to an active or passive control. Two independent reviewers extracted the data from the selected studies and methodological quality was assessed using the PEDro scale.
Results
The initial search led to the retrieval of 164 studies, seven of which met the eligibility criteria, but only six were included in the meta-analysis. The six studies comprised 104 patients with complete or incomplete SCI. In the two studies that investigated the use of ES on muscle volume of the lower limbs, the overall effect was statistically significant in patients with acute SCI (mean difference: 0.86; 95% CI: 0.04 to 1.69; p < 0.04). Among the four studies that examined the use of ES for spasticity of the lower limb, the overall effect was non-significant (mean difference: 0.55; 95% CI: −0.31 to 1.41; p = 0.21).
Conclusions
Electrical stimulation was found to be an effective method for increasing muscle volume in SCI patients, but had no effect on spasticity. Further investigation of the effect of ES on spasticity in SCI is needed.
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Funding
This study was funded by CAPES (88881.068134/2014–01).
Author Contributions
SRT was responsible for designing the review protocol, writing the protocol and report, conducting the search, screening potentially eligible studies, extracting and analyzing data, interpreting the results, updating reference lists and creating tables. LPC conducted the meta-regression analyses, was responsible for writing the protocol and report, extracting and analyzing data, interpreting the results, updating reference lists and creating summary tables. GCJ was responsible for designing the review protocol and screening potentially eligible studies. He contributed to writing the report, extracting and analyzing data and interpreting the results MFF contributed to data extraction and provided feedback on the report. EFM provided feedback on the report. GFBC contributed to the review of the manuscript and provided feedback on the report. WRM contributed to the review of the manuscript and the meta-analysis procedures.
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Thomaz, S.R., Cipriano Jr, G., Formiga, M.F. et al. Effect of electrical stimulation on muscle atrophy and spasticity in patients with spinal cord injury – a systematic review with meta-analysis. Spinal Cord 57, 258–266 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41393-019-0250-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41393-019-0250-z
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