Table 1 Descriptive characteristics and results of cognitive tests displayed for those included and excluded in the dual-task effect (DTE) analysis with p-values and effect sizes.

From: Motor-cognitive interaction in adults with spina bifida: dual-task effects

 

Total sample

Included in DTE analysis

Not included in DTE analysis

P value

Effect size

Participants, n (%)

41

34

7

  

Sex, Women, n (%)

21(51)

17 (50)

3 (43)

  

Age, mean (SD)

37 (12)

38 (12)

31 (12)

0.200

0.541

Min-max

19–59

25–59

19–50

  

Length (cm) mean (SD)

162 (10)

162 (9.5)

160 (13)

0.628

0.203

Min-max

141–185

150–185

141–173

  

Weight (kg), mean (SD)

68.0 (32)

74 (22)

73 (19)

0.859

0.079

Min-max

47–145

47–145

54–107

  

BMI, mean (SD)

28.1 (6.3)

27.9 (6.5)

28.9 (5.3)

0.729

−0.155

Min-max

18.6–44.0

18.6–44.0

21.2–37.0

  

Hydrocephalus, n (%)

23 (56)

17 (50)

6 (86)

0.112

 

Contractures lower limba, n (%)

39 (95)

33 (97)

6 (86)

0.204

 

Neurological categoryb, n (%)

 L1 - L5AIS A

34 (83)

28 (82)

6 (86)

  

 L3 AIS C

1 (2)

1 (3)

—

  

 T11 - L3 AIS D

6 (15)

5 (15)

1 (14)

  

Muscle function group, n (%)

 MF1c

3 (7)

1 (3)

2 (29)

  

 MF2d

12 (29)

12 (35)

—

  

 MF3e

26 (63)

21 (62)

5 (71)

  

Ambulatory level, n (%)

 Communityf

27 (66)

23 (68)

4 (57)

  

 Householdg

14 (34)

11 (32)

3 (43)

  

TUG s, mean (SD)

9.6 (2.4)

10.3 (2.3)

9.8 (2.1)

0.64

0.196

TUGcog s, mean (SD)

13.2 (6.0)

14.4 (5.8)

11.2 (4.9)

0.47

0.328

TUGcog failed to perform, n (%)

15 (37)

12 (35)

3 (43)

  

Cognitionh, mean (SD)

 Block Design

8.03 (2.78)

8.30 (2.80)

6.71 (2.43)

0.16

0.58

 Similarities

8.10 (2.80)

8.32 (2.59)

7.0 (3.70)

0.39

0.47

 Matrix Reasoning

8.65 (3.76)

9.09 (3.74)

6.57 (3.36)

0.11

0.68

 Vocabulary

7.40 (2.12)

7.60 (2.15)

6.43 (1.81)

0.16

0.56

 Coding

7.80 (3.17)

8.12 (3.27)

6.29 (2.21)

0.09

0.58

 TMT-Ai

6.88 (3.79)

7.39 (3.70)

4.43 (3.46)

0.07

0.81

 TMT-Bj

7.48 (3.32)

7.85 (3.35)

5.71 (2.75)

0.10

0.65

 Verbal Fluency (FASk)

9.95 (4.65)

10.91 (4.33)

5.43 (3.41)

0.003

1.30

 RAVLTl Total

9.54 (3.44)

10.39 (3.03)

5.46 (2.21)

<0.001

1.69

 RAVLT Delayed

9.40 (3.34)

9.83 (3.0)

7.29 (4.33)

0.18

0.79

 ROCFm Copy

8.13 (4.07)

8.52 (4.14)

6.29 (3.40)

0.16

0.55

 ROCF Delayed Recall

7.83 (3.71)

8.36 (3.49)

5.29 (3.90)

0.09

0.87

  1. DTE dual-task effect, BMI body mass index, MF muscle function, TUG timed up and go, TUGcog TUG with dual-task, count backwards by threes.
  2. a≥20° including arthrodesis.
  3. bAIS ASIA (American spinal injury association) impairment scale.
  4. cWith weakness in foot intrinsic muscles and plantar flexors, grade 4–5.
  5. dWith foot plantar flexion, grade ≤3, knee flexion grade ≥3, hip extension and/or hip abduction, grade ≤2–3.
  6. eWith hip flexion and knee extension, grade 4–5, knee flexion, grade ≤3, and only traces of hip extension, hip abduction, and below-knee muscles.
  7. fWalking both in- and outdoors might use a wheelchair for long trips out of the community.
  8. gHousehold ambulators mostly using a wheelchair for activities in the community and walking indoors
  9. hThe scaled scores have a mean of 10 and one standard deviation is equal to a scaled score of 3, the range of average cognitive function can generally be found within one standard deviation from mean, which corresponds to scaled scores 7–13.
  10. iTrail making test (number-sequencing) from D-KEFS (Delis-Kaplan executive function system).
  11. jTrail making test (number-letter switching conditions) from D-KEFS (Delis-Kaplan executive function system).
  12. kUsing the letter F, A and S.
  13. lRey auditory verbal learning test.
  14. mNon-verbal Rey–Osterrieth complex figure test.
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