Table 2 Dual-task effect for gait characteristics and cognitive outcome in Single-task (ST) and Dual-task (DT) condition for 34 participants.

From: Motor-cognitive interaction in adults with spina bifida: dual-task effects

 

ST

DT

Diff ST-DT

P-value

Effect size

DTE (%)

Gait characterics

 Lower Limb

  Gait speeda (m/s)

0.96 (0.21)

0.90 (0.22)

0.06

0.003

0.561

−4.33 (9.72)b

  Cadencec (steps/min)

106.30 (11.23)

103.52 (12.76)

2.78

0.009

0.478

−2.47 (5.35)b

  Gait cycle durationd (s)

1.14 (0.13)

1.15 (0.16)b

−0.01

0.006

−0.475

−2.54 (5.50)b

  Stride timee (s)

0.58 (0.06)

0.58 (0.08)b

−0.01

0.024

−0.388

−2.63 (6.12)b

  Swing phasef (% GCT)

36.94 (3.02)

36.35 (3.29)

0.59

0.001

0.613

−1.28 (2.55)b

  Stance phaseg (% GCT)

63.06 (3.02)

63.65 (3.29)

−0.59

0.001

−0.611

−0.77 (1.30)b

  Double supporth (% GCT)

26.74 (5.62)

27.71 (6.18)

−0.97

<0.001

−0.650

−2.94 (4.43)b

  Stride lengthi (m)

1.08 (0.18)

1.03 (0.18)

0.05

0.001

0.598

−3.37 (7.19)b

  Lateral Step variabilityj (cm)

4.90 (1.65)

4.82 (1.57)

0.08

0.536

0.109

−1.35 (23.56)

  Circumduktionk (cm)

3.08 (1.76)

3.07 (1.68)

0.73

0.701

0.066

−0.44 (22.98)b

  Elevation at midswingl (cm)

2.19 (1.09)

1.97 (1.09)

0.22

<0.001

0.711

−10.39 (22.76)

 Variability

  SD of cadence (steps/min)

3.16 (1.60)b

2.73 (1.54)b

0.43

0.029

−0.350

−12.13 (37.68)b

  SD of stride time (s)

0.02 (0.01)b

0.02 (0.01)b

0.00

0.099

−0.252

−14.29 (39.41)b

  SD of double support (% GCT)

1.34 (0.69)b

1.29 (0.80)b

0.05

0.918

−0.016

−0.51 (29.26)b

  SD of stride length (m)

0.04 (0.02)b

0.04 (0.02)b

0.00

0.216

−0–198

−7.42 (36.40)b

 Lumbar – RoM (◦)

  Frontal (lateral sway)m

11.13 (4.97)

10.74 (4.76)

0.39

0.204

0.222

−1.12 (12.59)

  Sagittal (forward/backward tilt)n

8.30 (5.94)b

8.11 (5.71)b

0.19

0.467

−0.116

0.52 (14.36)

  Transverse (rotation)o

15.81 (12.30)b

14.85 (12.85)b

0.96

0.330

−0.156

0.44 (10.09)

 Thoracic – RoM (◦)

  Frontal (lateral sway)p

14.86 (14.88)b

14.85 (14.96)b

0.01

0.533

−0.100

0.61 (11.93) b

  Sagittal (forward/backward tilt)q

7.34 (3.55)b

7.14 (4.87)b

0.20

0.388

−0.138

−1.07 (12.41)

  Transverse (rotation)r

12.23 (6.32)

13.71 (7.60)

−1.48

0.049

−0.357

4.28 (14.15)

Cognition (tot)

     

−3.31

Reaction time

 All stimuli (s)

0.97 (0.13)

1.01 (0.14)

−0.04

0.138

−0.252

−4.90 (16.02)

Variability

 SD of RT

0.20 (0.13)b

0.22 (0.15)b

0.02

0.177

−0.216

−11.11 (79.91)b

Accuracyb

 Total mean (SD) (%)

97.76 (3.62)

96.03 (5.37)

−1.71

—

—

–1.71 (5.35)

 Total median (IQR) (%)

100 (2.63)b

97.30 (6.08)b

−2.70

0.021

−0.370

—

  1. A negative DT effect (DTE) value indicates a DT cost, and a positive DTE indicates a DT benefit.
  2. Diff difference, RoM range of motion, RT reaction time, SD standard deviation.
  3. aThe forward speed of the subject, measured as the forward distance travelled during the gait cycle divided by the gait cycle duration.
  4. bNon-normal distribution presented with median (IQR).
  5. cThe number of steps per minute, counting steps made by both feet.
  6. dThe duration of a full gait cycle, measured from the left foot’s initial contact to the next initial contact of the left foot.
  7. eThe duration of a step, stride time (The APDM calls it step duration), measured as the period from initial contact of one foot to the next initial contact of the opposite foot.
  8. fThe percentage of the gait cycle in which the foot is not on the ground.
  9. gThe percentage of the gait cycle in which the foot is on the ground.
  10. hThe percentage of the gait cycle in which both feet are on the ground.
  11. iThe forward distance travelled by a foot during a gait cycle.
  12. jIn a series of 3 consecutive foot placements of the same foot, the variability of perpendicular deviations of the middle foot placement from the line connecting the first and third.
  13. kThe distance that the foot travels perpendicular to forward movement while swinging forward during an individual stride.
  14. lThe hight, clearance, of the foot sensor measured at mid swing, relative to its start position while standing.
  15. mThe angular range of the lumbar spine in the coronal plane (roll).
  16. nThe angular range of the lumbar spine in the sagittal plane (pitch).
  17. oThe angular range of the lumbar spine in the transverse plane (yaw).
  18. pThe angular range of the thoracic spine in the coronal plane (roll).
  19. qThe angular range of the thoracic spine in the sagittal plane (pitch).
  20. rThe angular range of the thoracic spine in the transverse plane (yaw).
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