Fig. 3

a Biomass of invasive A. philoxeroides (light gray) vs. native A. sessilis (dark gray) plants and b number of A. sessilis seeds for plants grown in A. philoxeroides (cirles) or A. sessilis (squares) rhizosphere soils collected along a latitudinal gradient. c Mass of A. hygrophila beetles fed leaves of the invasive or native plants grown in these soils. Solid lines indicate significant effects of latitude and dashed lines indicate non-significant relationships with latitude for each plant species