Fig. 2
From: Novel probiotic approach to counter Paenibacillus larvae infection in honey bees
Total bacterial loads and 16S rRNA sequencing of the adult honey bee gut microbiota during an AFB outbreak under natural field conditions. qPCR-based quantification of a total gut bacteria and b total P. larvae loads in surface-sterilized adult nurse bees. Data represent the median (line in box) and minimum/maximum (whiskers) of eight adult gut samples in each treatment group with duplicate technical repeats performed. Statistical analysis shown for two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons. ns = not significant, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01. c Bar plots represent the gut microbiota compositions of a single bee from each of their respective treatment groups as determined by sequencing of the V4 region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. Taxonomy was assigned using a custom database created by combining a previously established dataset of bee-associated 16S rRNA gene sequences with the SILVA NR v132 training set. Group 1 = no treatment, Group 2 = vehicle pollen patty only, and Group 3 = BioPatty. Hierarchal clustering of samples is shown in the dendrogram above the bar plot and was calculated using the ward.D method and “hclust” function in R. Cluster 1 = grey, Cluster 2 = red, Cluster 3 = blue
