Fig. 5
From: Novel probiotic approach to counter Paenibacillus larvae infection in honey bees
Prophylactic supplementation of Lp39, LGR-1, and LkBR-1 (LX3) improves survival during natural P. larvae infection. a Schematic diagram illustrating the experimental design for laboratory rearing of honey bee larvae and infection timeline. b Survival curves for laboratory-reared second-instar honey bee larvae that were subjected to natural infection with P. larvae BMR43-81 with or without 24 h pre-supplementation with LX3 delivered orally (107 CFU/mL for each strain). All statistical symbols are representative of comparisons made to respective vehicle control groups using the log-rank (Mantel–Cox; n = 40 individuals for each treatment group) test. c Pathogen load of whole honey bee larvae at day 3 post infection was determined by plating extracted homogenates on MY agar media. Colony forming units (CFU) are represented by the median with 95% confidence intervals (Kruskal–Wallis test with Dunn’s multiple comparisons) shown for 10–20 individual larvae in each group as depicted by symbols on the graph. d qPCR-based quantification of dominant microbiota phylotypes and supplemental lactobacilli across treatment groups at day 3 post infection. Data represents the median (line in box) and minimum/maximum (whiskers) of eight individual larval samples per treatment group. Statistical analysis is shown for two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons made against the non-infected PBS control group. nd = not detectable, ns = not significant, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, and ****P < 0.0001
