Fig. 6
From: Novel probiotic approach to counter Paenibacillus larvae infection in honey bees
LX3 increases immune-related gene expression during P. larvae infection. First-instar honey bee larvae were orally supplemented with LX3 (Lactobacillus plantarum Lp39, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1, and Lactobacillus kunkeei BR-1) or vehicle for 24 h, followed by inoculation with 104 spores of P. larvae. Expression of immune-related and cellular-response genes were quantified via RT-qPCR at 72 h post-infection. All statistical comparisons are relative to the non-infected PBS control group and calculated with raw ΔΔCt values. Mean ± standard deviation (one-way ANOVA with Holm–Sidak’s multiple comparisons) of six larvae per treatment group with technical duplicate repeats are shown. ns = not significant, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001
