Fig. 5: The overall mechanisms explaining the roles of non-antibiotic pharmaceuticals causing enhanced transformation of exogenous ARGs. | The ISME Journal

Fig. 5: The overall mechanisms explaining the roles of non-antibiotic pharmaceuticals causing enhanced transformation of exogenous ARGs.

From: Non-antibiotic pharmaceuticals enhance the transmission of exogenous antibiotic resistance genes through bacterial transformation

Fig. 5

a Non-antibiotic pharmaceuticals promote bacterial competence. b Non-antibiotic pharmaceuticals enhance stress levels. c Non-antibiotic pharmaceuticals induce over-production of ROS. d Non-antibiotic pharmaceuticals increase cell membrane permeability.

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