Abstract
The capability to respond to wounding is a process shared by organisms of different kingdoms that can result in the regeneration of whole-body parts or lost structures or organs. Filamentous fungi constitute a rich food source that ensures survival and reproduction of their predators and are therefore continuously exposed to mechanical damage. Nevertheless, our understanding of how fungi respond to wounding and predators is scarce. Fungi like plants and animals respond to injury recognizing Damage- and Microbe-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs/MAMPs) that activate Ca2+ and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase dependent signaling for the activation of defense mechanisms. During herbivory, plants, in addition to activating pathways related to injury, activate specific responses to combat their predators. Using a transcriptional approach, we studied the capacity of the filamentous fungus Trichoderma atroviride to activate specific responses to injury and attack by different arthropods. Attack by Drosophila melanogaster inhibited the transcriptional activation of genes required for hyphal regeneration, and the fungal innate immune and chemical defense responses. We also provide mechanistic insight of this inhibition involving components of the D. melanogaster salivary glands that repress the expression of a set of genes and block hyphal regeneration.
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Acknowledgements
We thank Pedro Martínez-Hernández and Nestor Nazario-Yepiz for technical assistance. We also wish to thank Dr. Therese Markow for critical reading of the manuscript and providing D. melanogaster and, José Palacios-Vargas and Blanca Estela Mejia-Recamier for providing the collembollan used in this study. This work was support in full by Cinvestav institutional funds.
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KA-H carried out the experiments, analyzed data, and contributed to the experimental design. AH-E supervised K A-H, designed experiments, and obtained financial support. AH-E and KA-H wrote the manuscript.
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Atriztán-Hernández, K., Herrera-Estrella, A. Drosophila attack inhibits hyphal regeneration and defense mechanisms activation for the fungus Trichoderma atroviride. ISME J 16, 149–158 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-021-01068-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-021-01068-9
