Fig. 1: Location of seafloor moorings and environmental conditions in the MIZ (2016–2018) and core-EGC (2018–2020).

a Example representation of monthly average (January 2020) current velocities at the approximate depth of sampling (78 m). White and dark red arrows indicate strongest and weakest velocities, respectively. b Example representation (December 2019) of sea-ice cover. Increasing opacity of white colour reflects increasing sea-ice cover (pure white = 100%). Current and sea-ice data were obtained from copernicus.eu under ‘ARCTIC_ANALYSIS_FORECAST_PHY_002_001_a’. c Variation in AW proportion, ice cover and water temperature at the two moorings. The bathymetric map was made using data from GEBCO.