Table 2 Psychotic groups duration of illness, medications, and clinical scale scores

From: Electroencephalographic delta/alpha frequency activity differentiates psychotic disorders: a study of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and methamphetamine-induced psychotic disorder

 

Psychotic groups combined (n = 80)

Schizophrenia (n = 28)

Bipolar I disorder (n = 28)

Methamphetamine-induced psychosis (n = 28)

  
 

Median

Range

Median

Range

Median

Range

Median

Range

  

Duration of psychotic disorder (years)

4.5

0.25–20.0

6.0

1.0–20.0

6.0

0.6–16.0a

1.0

0.25–13.0

H2,80 = 16.20, p = 0.003

MPD vs.SCZp = 0.0007; MPD vs. BPDp = 0.0003

Chlorpromazine equivalents

113

0–1500

200

0–1500

88

0–600

113

0–450

  

Prescribed medications

Any antipsychotic

65

23

20

22

  

First-generation antipsychotics

38

10

10b

18

H2,80 = 10.26, p = 0.005

MPD vs. SCZp = 0.01; MPD vs. BPDp = 0.01

Haloperidol

24

3

6b

15

H2,80 = 17.78, p = 0.001

MPD vs. SCZp = 0.001; MPD vs. BPDp = 0.01

Chlorporomazine

4

0

2

2

  

Trifluoperazine

1

1

0

0

  

Sulpiride

2

2

0

0

  

Depot (flupentixol:zuclopenthixol:fluphenazine)

5:5:1

2:3:1

1:1:0

2:1:0

  

Second-generation antipsychotics

33c

18

10

5

H2,80 = 10.48, p = 0.005

SCZ vs. MPDp = 0.007

Clozapine

10c

9

1

0

H2,80 = 15.15, p = 0.005

SCZ vs. MPDp = 0.04

Olanzapine

2

2

0

0

  

Risperidone

15

5

5

5

  

Quetiapine

6

2

4

0

  

Moodstabilizers

35

6d

25

4

H2,80 = 35,95, p < 0.001

BPD vs. SCZp < 0.0001; BPD vs. MPDp = 0.008

Lithium

14

1d

13

0

H2,80 = 24.76, p < 0.001

BPD vs. SCZp = 0.006; BPD vs. MPDp = 0.004

Sodium valproate

24

5d

15

4

H2,80 = 11.26, p = 0.03

BPD vs. SCZp = 0.03; BPD vs. MPDp = 0.02

 Lamotrigine

2

0

2

0

  

Serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors

Fluoxetine:citalopram:amitriptyline

5:1:2

2:1:1

2:0:0

1:0:1

  

Anticholinergics—orphenadrine

16

5

2

9

H2,80 = 7.47, p = 0.02

MPD vs. BPD tendencyp = 0.05

Clinical Scales

Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale

Total score

43

30–100

48

30–100e,f

35

30–73

46

30–79

H2,80 = 13.5, p = 0.001

BPD vs. SCZp = 0.009; BPD vs. MPDp = 0.003

Positive symptoms

8

7–30

12

7–24e

7

7–25

8

7–30

H2,80 = 8.47, p = 0.01

BPD vs. SCZp = 0.006

Negative symptoms

11

7–30

13

7–30e,f

9

7–20

13

7–27

H2,80 = 24.89, p < 0.001

BPD vs. SCZp < 0.0001; BPD vs. MPDp < 0.0001

General psychopathology

22

16–50

23

16–50e,f

19

16–37

23

16–41

H2,80 = 6.99, p = 0.03

BPD vs. SCZp = 0.01; BPD vs. MPDp = 0.03

Calgary Depression for Schizophrenia

1

0–13

2

0–8

0

0–13

1

0–9

  

Hamilton Depression Rating Scale

3

0–16

3

0–15

1

0–16

3

0–12

  

Young Mania Rating

1

0–20

2

0–10

0

0–20

2

0–5

  

Clinical Global Impression of Illness Severity

2

1–4

3

1–4e

2

1–4

2

1–4

H2,80 = 10.40, p = 0.005

BPD vs. SCZp = 0.003

Global Assessment of Functioning Scale

65

5–90

60

30–85e

71

5–85

65

31–90

H2,80 = 7.09, p = 0.02

BPD vs. SCZp = 0.01

Simpson Angus Scale for Parkinsonism

0

0–16

1

0–16e,f

0

0–1

0

0–9

H2,80 = 15.16, p < 0.001

BPD vs. SCZp = 0.001; BPD vs. MPDp = 0.04

  1. aMPD shorter duration of psychotic disorder compared to SCZ and BPD
  2. bMPD greater prescription of first-generation antipsychotics and haloperidol than BPD and SCZ
  3. cSCZ greater prescription of second-generation antipsychotics and clozapine than MPD
  4. dBPD greater prescription of moodstabilizers, lithium, and sodium valproate compare to SCZ and MPD
  5. eBPD lower scores than SCZ
  6. fBPD lower scores than MPD, p < 0.05
  7. SCZ schizophrenia, BPD bipolar disorder, MPD methamphetamine-induced psychotic disorder
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