Table 1 Demographic data and drug use pattern Study 1

From: Cognitive and neuroanatomical impairments associated with chronic exposure to levamisole-contaminated cocaine

 

Controls (n = 78)

LowLevCU (n = 26)

HighLevCU (n = 49)

Valuea

df, dferr

p

Age (y)

30.2 (8.9)

33.0 (9.5)

31.5 (9.1)

F = 1.03

2.150

0.36

Sex (f/m)

23/55

7/19

11/38

x2 = 0.76

2

0.68

Verbal IQ (MWT-B)b

105.4 (9.2)

101.4 (8.7)

102.2 (10.7)

F = 2.50

2.150

0.09

Education (y)

10.7 (1.7)

9.8 (1.3)*

9.8 (1.7)**

F = 6.18

2.150

0.003

Smoking (y/n)c

57/21

23/3

39/10

x2 = 2.81

2

0.25

BDI scored

4.4 (4.4)

8.4 (6.1)*

9.6 (8.2)***

F = 12.25

2.150

 < 0.001

ADHD-SR scoree

7.6 (4.7)

11.2 (6.3)

15.9 (9.1)***°

F = 23.78

2.150

 < 0.001

Cocaine

Times per weekg

—

2.0 (2.2)

1.8 (1.9)

T = 0.50

73

0.62

g per weekg

—

3.8 (6.2)

3.3 (6.4)

T = 0.34

73

0.74

Years of use

—

7.7 (6.8)

8.6 (5.4)

T = −0.63

73

0.53

 Maximum dose (g/day)

—

6.5 (6.7)

5.8 (6.2)

T = 0.48

73

0.63

Cumulative dose (g)

—

4130 (8272)

2658 (6689)

T = 0.83

73

0.41

Last consumption (days)h

—

29.4 (37.0)

13.3 (15.9)

T = 2.12

73

0.04

Urine toxicology (neg/pos)i

78/0

21/5

33/16

x2 = 1.52

1

0.22

Average price paid for 1 g (CHF)j 1 g (CHF)j

—

97.5 (19.6)

87.5 (21.5)

T = 1.95

73

0.06

Hair analysis

Cocaine pg/mg

—

10,261 (20,667)

12,993 (24,031)

T = −0.49

73

0.62

Benzoylecgonine pg/mg

—

2853 (6901)

2550 (4365)

T = 0.23

73

0.82

Norcocaine pg/mg

—

292 (655)

312 (484)

T = −0.15

73

0.88

Levamisole pg/mg

—

967 (1745)

6931 (11,737)

T = −3.48

73

0.001

Levamisole–cocaine ratio

—

0.12 (0.1)

0.64 (0.3)

T = −10.07

73

<0.001

Alcohol

Pure ethanol g per weekg

109.6 (121.9)

185.2 (281)

192.2 (204.5)*

F = 3.61

2.150

0.03

Years of use

12.6 (9.0)

11.7 (7.9)

13.3 (7.2)

F = 0.34

2.150

0.71

Nicotine

Cigarettes per dayg

8.8 (9.6)

16.7 (13.1)**

13.5 (10.3)*

F = 6.68

2.150

0.002

Years of use

8.4 (8.7)

13.6 (9.6)*

12.9 (8.5)*

F = 5.57

2.150

0.005

Cannabis

g per weekg

0.4 (0.9)

1.5 (4.0)

0.7 (1.7)

F = 2.81

2.150

0.06

Years of use

4.3 (5.7)

7.4 (9.2)

9.6 (7.7)***

F = 8.61

2.150

<0.001

Cumulative dose (g)

665 (3182)

3289 (7433)*

1823 (2886)

F = 4.18

2.150

0.02

Last consumption (days)h

41 (57);n = 34

31 (43);n = 14

25 (31);n = 34

F = 1.08

2.79

0.34

Urine toxicology (neg/pos)i

68/10

18/8

35/14

x2 = 6.35

2

0.04

Amphetamine

g per weekg

0.0 (0.0)

0.0 (0.1)

0.1 (0.2)*

F = 4.15

2.150

0.02

Years of use

0.0 (0.0)

1.1 (3.1)

1.5 (2.9)***

F = 8.23

2.150

<0.001

Cumulative dose (g)

0.0 (0.1)

6 (23.7)

28.4 (66.8)***

F = 8.14

2.150

<0.001

Last consumption (days)h

122 (0)

n = 1

97 (71)

n = 5

59 (54)

n = 16

F = 1.23

2.19

0.31

Hair analysis pg/mg

1 (7)

24 (69)

118 (313)**

F = 6.57

2.150

0.002

MDMA

Tablets per weekg

0.0 (0.0)

0.0 (0.0)

0.1 (0.2)***°

F = 7.93

2.150

<0.001

Years of use

0.3 (1.7)

1.3 (2.4)

3 (4.5)***

F = 11.83

2.150

<0.001

Cumulative dose (tablets)

0.9 (3.2)

69.9 (154.3)*

54.1 (168.4)*

F = 5.21

2.150

0.007

Last consumption (days)h

5 (0)

n = 1

92 (0)

n = 1

71 (87)

n = 17

F = 0.31

2.16

0.741

Hair analysis pg/mg

4 (23)

177 (337)

831 (1902)***°

F = 8.95

2.150

<0.001

Hallucinogens

Cumulative dose (times)

0.7 (1.8)

9.7 (22.2)**

6.8 (10.5)**

F = 8.76

2.150

<0.001

  1. Means and standard deviations. Significant p values are shown in bold
  2. aANOVA (all groups; significant Sidak post hoc test vs. control group: *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; vs. lowLevCU: °p < 0.05; °°p < 0.01); x² test (all groups/cocaine users only) for frequency data; Independent t-test (cocaine users only)
  3. bVerbal IQ was assessed by the Mehrfachwahl–Wortschatz–Intelligenztest25
  4. cSmoking habits were assessed by the Fagerstroem Test of Nicotine Dependence63
  5. dBDI Beck Depression Inventory64
  6. eADHD-SR ADHD self-rating scale24
  7. fCraving for cocaine was assessed by the Brief-CCQ65
  8. gAverage use during the last 6 months
  9. hLast consumption is averaged only for persons who used the drug in the last 6 months. In this case, sample size (n) is shown
  10. iCut-off values for cocaine = 150 ng/ml and for Tetrahydrocannabinol 50 ng/ml66
  11. jPrice for 1 g cocaine in Swiss Francs paid by cocaine users (self-report). The quoted price is presumably below the real street price as some users paid reduced rates at intermediaries. Moreover, individuals who got the cocaine for free (e.g., as a gift) were excluded (n = 1 lowLevCU and n = 1 highLevCU)
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