Fig. 5: Developmental PKC overactivation leads to hypo-activity, exaggerated stress response to visual stimuli and impaired habituation learning. | Translational Psychiatry

Fig. 5: Developmental PKC overactivation leads to hypo-activity, exaggerated stress response to visual stimuli and impaired habituation learning.

From: Developmental protein kinase C hyper-activation results in microcephaly and behavioral abnormalities in zebrafish

Fig. 5

a Zebrafish early exposed to PMA are hypoactive in the light/normal phase but hyperactive in the dark phase as revealed by the travel distance (mm) per minute. b Hypo-activity in the light phase is caused by prolonged freezing duration. Freezing refers to movement with a speed lower than 0.57 mm per second. c Hyperactivity in the dark phase is attributed to the increased burst duration. Burst refers to movement with a speed exceeding 5.7 mm per second. a–c Significant effects of time (horizontal lines), group (vertical lines) and group × time interactions are shown (n = 48 for DMSO group, n = 44 for PMA group; **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, two-way ANOVA). d PMA-exposed fish show much longer burst duration in the dark phase but no significant difference in the light phase compared with the control group during the first light–dark cycle (n = 48 for DMSO group, n = 44 for PMA group; ***p < 0.001, t-test). e Impaired habituation learning is responsible for the elevated stress response to photic change in the PMA-exposed group (n = 48 for DMSO group, n = 44 for PMA group; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, t-test for comparison between DMSO and PMA groups at each time point; #p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01, one-way ANOVA for comparison of each time point with the first one in the control group)

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