Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with schizophrenia and healthy control subjects.

From: A machine-learning framework for robust and reliable prediction of short- and long-term treatment response in initially antipsychotic-naïve schizophrenia patients based on multimodal neuropsychiatric data

 

Schizophrenia patients

Healthy controls

Statistics

p

 

N

Distribution

N

Distribution

  

Subjects, cohorts A/B/Ca

138

31/46/61

151

27/53/71

χ2 = 0.95

0.623

Age, years, Mean (SD)b

135

25.36 (5.88)

146

25.48 (5.61)

U = 9535

0.638

Gender, Male/Femalea

138

94/44

151

99/52

χ2 = 0.21

0.645

P-SES, High/Moderate/Lowa

134

39/73/22

146

61/70/15

χ2 = 5.72

0.057

Years of education, Mean (SD)b

103

11.47 (2.61)

71

13.95 (3.86)

U = 1741.5

<0.001

Handedness according to EHI Score, Right/Ambidextrous/Leftc

134

115/3/16

138

124/1/13

–

0.459

Estimated premorbid intelligence (Danish Adult Reading Test (DART)), Mean (SD) [Mean Z-score]d

122

22.11 (8.51) [−0.59]

139

26.65 (7.63) [0.0]

t = −4.54

<0.001

Estimated intelligence based on WAIS, Mean Z-scoree,f

69

−1.26

79

0.0

–

–

Estimated intelligence based on WAIS-III, Mean Z-scoree,g

52

0.73

59

0.0

–

–

PANSS, positive, Mean (SD)

134

20.12 (4.36)

–

–

–

–

PANSS, negative, Mean (SD)

134

21.00 (6.69)

–

–

–

–

PANSS, general, Mean (SD)

134

39.20 (9.57)

–

–

–

–

PANSS, total, Mean (SD)

134

80.32 (16.45)

–

–

–

–

DUI, weeks, Mean (SD)h

96

113.51 (163.64)

–

–

–

–

  1. Analyses were performed on subjects with available data. Some variables were not available for all cohorts, hence the varying N. Significant p-values (p < 0.05) are in bold. Handedness was determined with The Edinburgh Handedness Inventory (EHI)58.
  2. Duration of untreated illness (DUI) was registered and defined as the time from initial decline in functioning estimated as a consequence of unspecific symptoms related to psychosis59.
  3. P-SES parental socioeconomic status, EHI Edinburgh Handedness Inventory score, PANSS Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, DUI duration of untreated illness.
  4. aPearson χ2 test.
  5. bMann−Whitney U test.
  6. cFisher’s exact test.
  7. dTwo-sample t test with pooled variance estimates.
  8. eA combined score based on the Similarities and Vocabulary subtests from WAIS/WAIS III: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale®), presented as Z-scores standardized from the mean and standard deviation of the healthy control sample.
  9. fOnly data from cohorts A and B.
  10. gOnly data from cohort C.
  11. hOnly data from cohorts B and C.
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