Table 2 Description of the study sample.

From: Cerebrospinal fluid, antineuronal autoantibody, EEG, and MRI findings from 992 patients with schizophreniform and affective psychosis

 

Total (N = 992)

Schizophreniform syndrome (N = 456)

Affective syndrome (N = 536)

Statistics

Sociodemographic and clinical findings

Sex

445 male (45%):

208 male (46%):

237 male (44%):

Chi2 = 0.195

 

547 female (55%)

248 female (54%)

299 female (56%)

p = 0.659

Age (range) in years

42.75 ± 17.93 (from 18-90)

35.30 ± 14.89 (from 18 to 90)

49.10 ± 17.87 (from 18-90)

F = 21.110

p < 0.001

Syndromea

Schizophrenia spectrum (N = 456) (46%)

Depressive spectrum (N = 455) (46%)

Bipolar spectrum (N = 81) (8%)

Paranoid-hallucinatory: 238 (52%)

Hebephrenic: 16 (4%)

Catatonic: 10 (2%)

Delusional disorders: 25 (5%)

Schizoaffective: 122 (27%)

- Depressive: 89 (73%)

- Manic: 23 (19%)

- Mixed: 10 (8%)

Acute polymorphic psychotic: 25 (5%)

Schizotypal: 3 (1%)

Substance-induced psychosis: 7 (2%)

Coenesthetic: 3 (0.7%)

Undifferentiated/atypical: 3 (0.7%)

Prodromal stage: 4 (0.9%)

Mild episode: 2 (0.5%)

Moderate episode: 30(7%)

Severe episode: 379 (92%)

- with psychotic symptoms: 76 (20%)

- without psychotic symptoms: 297 (80%)

Unknown: 44 (10%)

Bipolar, currently depressive: 48 (59%)

Bipolar, currently manic:

19 (23%)

Bipolar, currently mixed: 14 (17%)

-

Clinical course

   

-

 First episode

279 (28%)

188 (41%)

91 (17%)

 

 Chronic (>2 years)

259 (26%)

122 (27%)

137 (26%)

 

 Recurrent

445 (45%)

145 (32%)

300 (57%)

 

 Unknown

9

1

8

 

Previous/current comorbid psychiatric disorders

 Neurodevelopmental disorders (ADHD, autism, tic disorder)

89 (9%)

4 (0.9%)

85 (16%)

 

 Personality disorders

43 (4%)

1 (0.2%)

42 (8%)

 

 Substance abuse/dependence

114 (11%)

4 (0.9%)

110 (21%)

 

 Anxiety

33 (3%)

0 (0%)

33 (6%)

 

 OCD

24 (2%)

1 (0.2%)

23 (4%)

 

 PTSD

18 (2%)

0 (0%)

18 (3%)

 

 Cognitive disorders (MCI)

41 (4%)

1 (0.2%)

40 (7%)

 

 Sleep disturbances

18 (2%)

1 (0.2%)

17 (3%)

 

 Eating disorders

16 (2%)

1 (0.2%)

15 (3%)

 

 Somatoform disorder

32 (2%)

0 (0%)

32 (6%)

 

 Othersb

9 (0.9%)

1 (0.2%)

8 (1%)

 

Previous/current comorbid neurological disorders

 Neurovascular

24 (2%)

5 (1%)

19 (4%)

 

 Demyelinating

3 (0.3%)

1 (0.2%)c

2 (0.4%)d

 

 Extrapyramidal/movement disorders

16 (2%)

3 (1%)

13 (2%)

 

 Infectious

6 (1%)

1 (0.2%)

5 (1%)

 

 Tumors

3 (0.3%)

0 (0%)

3 (0.6%)

 

 Paroxysmal disorders

19 (2%)

8 (2%)

11 (2%)

 

 Traumatic injuries

23 (2%)

17 (4%)

6 (1%)

 

 Polyneuropathy

20 (2%)

1 (0.2%)

19 (4%)

 

 Migraine and other headache

46 (5%)

16 (4%)

30 (6%)

 

 Restless Legs Syndrome

16 (2%)

1 (0.2%)

15 (3%)

 

 Hydrocephalus

11 (1%)

3 (0.7%)

8 (1%)

 

 Others

22 (2%)

5 (1%)

17 (4%)

 

Psychopharmacological treatment

Overall psychopharmaco-logical treatment

   

-

 Yes

916 (94%)

429 (96%)

487 (93%)

 

 No

56 (6%)

20 (4%)

36 (7%)

 

 Unknown

20

7

13

 

Antidepressants

   

-

 Overall

518 (57%)

116 (27%)

402 (83%)

 

 Tricyclic

59 (6%)

11 (3%)

48 (10%)

 

 SSRI, SNRI, NDRI, NARI

451 (49%)

105 (24%)

346 (71%)

 

 MAO inhibitors

8 (0.9%)

0 (0%)

8 (2%)

 

Antipsychotics

   

-

 Overall

671 (73%)

412 (96%)

259 (53%)

 

 “Typical”

142 (16%)

82 (19%)

60 (12%)

 

 Low-potency

100 (11%)

52 (12%)

48 (10%)

 

 Medium-potency

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

 

 High-potency

42 (5%)

30 (7%)

12 (2%)

 

 “Atypical”

620 (68%)

393 (92%)

227 (47%)

 

Mood stabilizers

   

-

 Lithium

149 (16%)

35 (8%)

114 (23%)

 

 Anticonvulsants

143 (16%)

75 (17%)

68 (14%)

 

Benzodiazepines

146 (16%)

75 (17%)

71 (13%)

-

Number of psycho-pharmacological medi-cation classes per patient

   

-

 Same class/only one drug

378 (41%)

191 (45%)

187 (38%)

 

 Two drugs

325 (35%)

150 (35%)

175 (36%)

 

 Three drugs

165 (18%)

70 (16%)

95 (20%)

 

 Four drugs

45 (5%)

15 (3%)

30 (6%)

 

 Five drugs

3 (0.3%)

3 (0.7%)

0 (0%)

 
  1. ADHD attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, PTSD post-traumatic stress disorder, OCD obsessive-compulsive disorder, MCI mild cognitive impairment, SSRI selective-serotonin-reuptake-inhibitor, SNRI serotonin-noradrenalin-reuptake-inhibitor, NDRI norepinephrine-dopamine-reuptake-inhibitor, NARI noradrenalin-reuptake-inhibitor, MAO monoamine oxidase.
  2. aIf the lumbar puncture was conducted after clinical improvement, patients were attributed to the initial clinical syndrome.
  3. bOther psychiatric comorbidity: dissociative disorders; somatoform disorders include somatization disorders, hypochondriac disorders, persistent pain disorders. cRelapse of multiple sclerosis with pure psychiatric manifestations.
  4. dMultiple sclerosis has been initially diagnosed.
  5. Significant p-values are marked in bold.
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