Table 6 Instrument-based diagnostics.

From: Cerebrospinal fluid, antineuronal autoantibody, EEG, and MRI findings from 992 patients with schizophreniform and affective psychosis

 

Total (N = 992)

Schizophreniform syndrome (N = 456)

Affective syndrome (N = 536)

Statistics

EEG

N = 954 (96%)

N = 449 (98%)

N = 505 (94%)

 

Visual assessment

Continuous generalized slow activity

34 (4%)

19 (4%)

15 (3%)

–

Continuous regional slow activity

6 (0.6 %)

5 (1%)

1 (0.2%)

–

Intermittent generalized slow activity

162 (17%)

103 (23%)

59 (12%)

–

Intermittent regional slow activity

53 (6%)

25 (6%)

28 (6%)

–

Epileptic pattern

29 (3%)

23 (5%)

6 (1%)

–

EEG overall alterations

242/954 (25%)

142/449 (32%)

100/505 (20%)

β = 0.709

Wald = 18.485

p < 0.001

Automatic IRDA/IRTA quantification (mean values per minute)

  

N = 445 (99%)

N = 501 (99%)

 

IRDA/IRTA rate before hyperventilation

1.73 ± 2.36

1.88 ± 2.56

1.60 ± 2.16

F = 0.323

p = 0.570

IRDA/IRTA rate after hyperventilation (N = 803, 85%)

2.71 ± 3.98

3.04 ± 4.41 (N = 396)

2.39 ± 3.48 (N = 407)

F = 3.182

p = 0.075

Difference in IRDA/IRTA rates before and after hyperventilation (N=803, 85%)

0.86 ± 3.08

1.09 ± 3.32 (N = 396)

0.63 ± 2.81 (N = 407)

F = 3.398

p = 0.066

IRDA/IRTA rate overall

1.90 ± 2.50

2.13 ± 2.80

1.70 ± 2.17

F = 1.460

p = 0.227

MRI

N = 896 (90%)

N = 418 (92%)

N = 478 (89%)

 

Visual assessment

White/Gray matter changes overall a

461 (51%)

172 (41%)

289 (60%)

Wald = 1.148

p = 0.284

Non-specific white matter changes

375 (42%)

145 (35 %)

230 (48%)

Wald = 0.347

p = 0.556

Gray matter changes of amygdalae, hippocampi, other limbic structures

12 (1 %)

3 (1%)

9 (2%)

Wald = 0. 871

p = 0.351

Lesions/alterations

6 (0.7%)

3 (1%)

3 (0.6%)

 

Atrophy

5 (0.6%)

0 (0%)

5 (1%)

 

Sclerosis

2 (0.2%)

0 (0%)

2 (0.4%)

 

Possible/probable/ definite (post-) inflammatory changes

77 (9 %)

23 (6 %)

54 (11 %)

β = 0.742

Wald = 7.218

p = 0.007

Atrophic changes overallb

108 (12%)

32 (8%)

76 (16%)

Wald = 0.116

p = 0.733

Generalized cortical atrophy

34 (4%)

9 (2%)

25 (5%)

Wald = 0.918

p = 0.338

Localized atrophy

52 (6%)

16 (4%)

36 (8%)

Wald = 0.033

p = 0.855

Ventricle enlargement

37 (4%)

14 (3%)

23 (5%)

Wald = 0.492

p = 0.483

Macroangiopathic vascular alterations (post-ischemic changes)

33 (4%)

7 (2%)

26 (5%)

Wald = 0.388

p = 0.533

Microhaemorrhage

17 (2%)

3 (0.7%)

14 (3%)

Wald = 1.109

p = 0.292

Cysts, tumors, anatomical variants and other changes

Cysts

119 (15%)

63 (15%)

56 (12%)

Wald = 0.210

p = 0.647

Pineal cyst

67 (7%)

38 (9%)

29 (6%)

 

Arachnoid cyst

28 (3%)

12 (3%)

16 (3%)

 

Fissura choroidea cyst

9 (0.7%)

3 (0.7%)

6 (1%)

 

Othersc

25 (3%)

13 (3%)

12 (3%)

 

Tumors

13 (1%)

4 (1%)

9 (2%)

Wald = 0.181

p = 0.671

Meningioma

7 (0.8%)

2 (0.5%)

5 (1%)

 

Cavernoma

5 (0.6%)

2 (0.5%)

3 (0.6%)

 

Acusticus neurinoma

1 (0.1%)

0 (0%)

1 (0.2%)

 

Pituitary adenoma

3 (0.3%)

2 (0.5%)

1 (0.2%)

 

 Anatomical variants and other changes

209 (23%)

107 (26%)

102 (21%)

Wald = 1.750

p = 0.186

DVA

37 (4%)

20 (5%)

17 (4%)

 

Hippocampal malrotation

3 (0.3%)

2 (0.5%)

1 (0.2%)

 

Falx metaplasia

2 (0.2%)

2 (0.5%)

0 (0%)

 

Othersd

8 (0.9%)

5 (1%)

3 (0.6%)

 

Ventricle changes

    

Asymmetries

57 (6%)

31 (7%)

26 (5%)

 

NPH aspect

10 (1%)

1 (0.2%)

9 (2%)

 

Malformationse

5 (0.6%)

2 (0.5%)

3 (0.6%)

 

Perivascular space enlargement

16 (2%)

8 (2%)

8 (2%)

 

Virchow-Robin’s space enlargement

39 (4%)

13 (3%)

26 (5%)

 

Subarachnoid space enlargement

18 (2%)

9 (2%)

9 (2%)

 

Megacisterna magna

6 (0.7%)

5 (1%)

1 (0.2%)

 

Gliosis of unclear origin

4 (0.4%)

1 (0.2%)

3 (0.6%)

 

Othersf

23 (3%)

13 (3%)

10 (2%)

 

Overall MRI changes

641 (72%)

273 (65%)

368 (77%)

Wald = 0.031

p = 0.861

  1. Several EEG and MRI changes were noted, if existing.
  2. EEG electroencephalography, IRDA/IRTA intermittent rhythmic generalized delta/theta activity, MRI magnetic resonance imaging.
  3. aWhite/gray matter changes overall: non-specific white matter changes and/or gray matter changes of amygdalae, hippocampi, other limbic structures and/or (post-)inflammatory changes.
  4. bAtrophic changes overall: generalized cortical atrophy and/or localized atrophy and/or ventricle enlargement.
  5. cNeuroepithelial cyst (N = 1), neuroglial cyst (N = 1), plexus cysts (N = 4), hypophysis cysts (N = 6), thalamus cyst (N = 1), hygromae (N = 4), unspecified cysts (N = 8).
  6. dVascular anomalies (N = 4), additional sulci (N = 3), heteropia (N = 1).
  7. eFocal cortical dysplasia (N = 2), arteriovenous malformation (N = 1), hamartoma (N = 1), schizencephaly (N = 1).
  8. fThalamus lesion (N = 2), hypophysis alterations (N = 12), cerebellar hypoplasia (N = 1), cerebellar lesion (N = 1) others (N = 3). Abbreviations: EEG, electroencephalography, IRDA/IRTA, intermittent rhythmic generalized delta/theta activity; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging.
  9. Significant p-values are marked in bold.
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