Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics in the presence and absence of adverse childhood experiences.

From: Interaction between adverse childhood experiences and polygenic risk in patients with bipolar disorder

Variables

Total (N = 1615)

Group without ACE (N = 588)

Group with ACE (N = 1027)

p

Age at assessment (years; mean ± SD)

44.00 ± 12.91

43.75 ± 14.20

44.14 ± 12.11

0.43a

Sex (male/female)

588/1027

248/340

340/687

<0.001**b

AAO (years, mean ± SD)

18.69 ± 9.44

20.69 ± 9.91

17.55 ± 8.97

<0.001**c

Number of manic episodes per year

0.52 ± 1.29

0.45 ± 0.81

0.55 ± 1.50

0.224a

Number of depressive episodes per year

0.81 ± 2.02

0.87 ± 2.55

0.78 ± 1.64

0.46a

History of psychotic episodes (%)

69.1

69.3

69.0

0.94b

History of suicide attempts (%)

50.3

41.9

55.1

<0.001**b

History of mixed features (%)

48.0

40.2

52.5

<0.001**b

Presence of substance misuse (%)

58.3

53.0

61.3

<0.01*b

Presence of decreased functioning (%)

84.6

79.8

87.4

<0.001**b

Number of ACE (CLES score)

1.35 ± 1.42

0

2.12 ± 1.24

NA

  1. Data are mean ± SD values.
  2. SD standard deviation, ACE adverse childhood experience, AAO age at onset, CLES childhood life events scale, NA nonavailable.
  3. *p < 0.01, **p < 0.001.
  4. aMann–Whitney test.
  5. bGoodness-of-fit test.
  6. cIndependent t-test.
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