Translational Psychiatry

Table 3 Eye Gaze Data.

From: Computer vision in autism spectrum disorder research: a systematic review of published studies from 2009 to 2019

Reference	Focus	N participants	Age	Input data/device used	Method	Dataset
Pierce et al.⁶⁵	Biomarker detection	444 subjects from 6 distinct groups		Eye tracking data, Tobii T120 eye tracker		Own dataset
Murias et al.⁶⁶	Biomarker detection	25 ASD	24–72 months	Eye tracking data, Tobii TX300 eye tracker		Own dataset
Chawarska et al.⁶⁷	Eye movement to determine prodromal symptoms of ASD	84 ASD	6 months	Gaze trajectories, SensoMotoric Instruments IView X RED eye-tracking system		Own dataset
Shi et al.⁶⁸	Visual stimuli design consideration	13 ASD, 20 TD	4–6 years	Infra-red eye-tracking recording, EyeLink1000		Own dataset
Shic et al.⁶⁹	Visual attention preference	28 ASD, 16 DD, 34 TD	20 months	Gaze patterns, SMI iView X™ RED dark-pupil 60 Hz eye-tracking system		Own dataset
Liu et al.⁷³	Eye movement for diagnosis	29 ASD, 58 TD	4–11 years	Gaze data, Tobii T60 eye tracker	Machine learning, k nearest neighbours (kNN)	Own dataset
Tung et al.⁶¹	Eye detection	33 ASD		Video, camera		Own dataset
Balestra et al.⁶²	Eye tracking to study language impairments and text comprehension and production deficits	1 ASD	25 years	Eye tracking data, Tobii 1750 eye tracker		n/a
Li et al.⁶³	Identification of fixations and saccades	38 ASD, 179 TD		Eye-tracking data	Modified DBSCAN Algorithm	Own dataset
Matthews et al.⁶⁴	Eye gaze analysis for affective state recognition	19 ASD, 19 TD	ASD: 41.05 ± 32.15 TD: 32.15 ± 9.93 (in years)	Video, Gazepoint GP3 eye-tracker	Scanpath trend analysis and arousal sensing and detection of focal attention	n/a
Campbell et al.⁷⁰	Gaze pattern for saliency analysis	15 ASD, 13 TD	8–43 months	Gaze trajectories, SensoMotoric Instruments iView XRED eye-tracking system	Bayesian model	n/a
Syeda et al.⁷¹	Eye gaze for visual face scanning and emotion analysis	21 ASD, 21 TD	5–17 years	Gaze data, Tobii EyeX controller		Own dataset
Chrysouli et al.⁷²	Eye gaze analysis for affective state recognition			Video, Kinect camera	Deep learning, two-stream CNN	MaTHiSis
Liu et al.⁷⁴	Eye movement for diagnosis	Children: 20 ASD, 21 TD adults: 19 ASD, 22 intellectually disabled (ID), 28 TD	children: ASD: 7.85 ± 1.59 TD: 7.73 ± 1.51 adults: ASD: 20.84 ± 3.27 ID: 23.59 ± 3.08 TD: 20.61 ± 2.90	Eye tracking data, Tobii T60 eye tracker	Bag-of-Words (BOW) framework and SVM	^144,145
Vu et al.⁷⁵	Gaze pattern for diagnosis	16 ASD, 16 TD	2–10 years	Gaze data, Tobii EyeX controller	Machine learning, similarity matching + kNN	Own dataset
Jiang and Zhao⁷⁶	Visual attention preference for diagnosis	20 ASD, 19 TD	ASD: 30.8 ± 11.1 TD: 32 ± 10.4 (in years)	Eye tracking data	Deep learning	¹⁴⁶
Higuchi et al.⁷⁷	Gaze direction for behaviour analysis	2 ASD, 2 TD		Video, camera	OpenFace Toolkit	Own dataset
Chong et al.⁷⁸	Eye contact detection for behaviour analysis	50 ASD, 50 TD		Videos,	Deep learning	Own dataset (subset is from MMDB)
Toshniwal et al.⁷⁹	Attention recognition for assistive technology	10 ASD, 8 NDD	12–18 years	Video, Mobile phone	Android Face Detection API	Own dataset

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