Table 2 Metal concentrations (Mn, Pb, Cr, and Cu) measured in blood, urine, hair, nails, and saliva collected from 188 adolescents from the PHIME cohort included in the current study.

From: Sex-specific associations between co-exposure to multiple metals and visuospatial learning in early adolescence

Metal concentration

All participants

GM ± GSD

Girls

(n = 88)

GM ± GSD

Boys

(n = 100)

GM ± GSD

pa

Blood (µg/L)

 Mn

10.92 ± 1.36

10.98 ± 1.39

10.87 ± 1.34

0.68

 Pb

14.48 ± 1.80

12.53 ± 1.71

16.45 ± 1.82

0.10

 Cr

0.74 ± 2.04

0.69 ± 2.01

0.78 ± 2.06

0.66

 Cu

845.17 ± 1.16

827.88 ± 1.16

860.68 ± 1.15

0.02*

Urine (µg/L)b

 Mn

0.23 ± 3.26

0.25 ± 3.25

0.20 ± 3.26

0.98

 Pb

0.69 ± 1.81

0.67 ± 1.82

0.72 ± 1.80

0.84

 Cr

0.19 ± 1.86

0.18 ± 1.77

0.19 ± 1.93

0.28

 Cu

8.46 ± 1.68

8.28 ± 1.61

8.63 ± 1.75

0.60

Hair (µg/g)

 Mn

0.07 ± 2.17

0.05 ± 1.97

0.09 ± 2.22

0.004**

 Pb

0.10 ± 3.54

0.08 ± 3.47

0.11 ± 3.55

0.17

 Cr

0.04 ± 2.12

0.04 ± 2.06

0.04 ± 2.17

0.69

 Cu

12.16 ± 1.70

13.73 ± 1.73

10.93 ± 1.64

0.005**

Nails (µg/g)

 Mn

0.27 ± 3.81

0.26 ± 3.74

0.27 ± 3.91

0.57

 Pb

0.24 ± 4.54

0.22 ± 4.89

0.25 ± 4.26

0.36

 Cr

0.17 ± 2.33

0.19 ± 2.29

0.15 ± 2.35

0.38

 Cu

2.51 ± 1.73

2.45 ± 1.84

2.56 ± 1.63

0.99

Saliva (µg/L)

 Mn

3.26 ± 2.95

2.97 ± 2.98

3.54 ± 2.92

0.64

 Pb

0.32 ± 3.84

0.30 ± 3.44

0.35 ± 4.22

0.23

 Cr

0.30 ± 2.60

0.29 ± 2.33

0.30 ± 2.85

0.46

 Cu

16.63 ± 2.90

18.91 ± 2.76

14.85 ± 2.99

0.38

  1. GM geometric mean, GSD geometric standard deviation.
  2. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01.
  3. aDifferences between boys and girls in the distribution of variables were tested using linear regression adjusted for all covariates from Table 1.
  4. bNormalized to creatinine concentrations.
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