Table 1 Single-variable and multivariable inverse-variance weighted mendelian randomization associations between educational attainment and cognitive performance on risk of suicide attempt in individuals with and without mental disorders.

From: Educational attainment reduces the risk of suicide attempt among individuals with and without psychiatric disorders independent of cognition: a bidirectional and multivariable Mendelian randomization study with more than 815,000 participants

 

Outcome

        
 

Suicide attempt: model 1

Suicide attempt: model 2

Exposures

N SNPS

OR

OR LCI

OR UCI

P-value

N SNPS

OR

OR LCI

OR UCI

P-value

SVMR

          

Educational attainment

223

0.524

0.412

0.666

1.07E−07

224

0.687

0.540

0.874

2.20E−03

Cognitive performance

104

0.714

0.577

0.885

2.02E−03

104

0.794

0.636

0.990

4.01E−02

Household income

41

0.591

0.389

0.901

1.41E−02

41

0.721

0.480

1.081

1.13E−01

MVMR

          

Educational attainment

288

0.450

0.314

0.644

1.00E−04

288

0.556

0.388

0.796

2.00E−03

Cognitive performance

288

1.044

0.764

1.426

7.86E−01

288

1.081

0.789

1.482

6.29E−01

MVMR: adjusting for Income

        

Educational attainment

282

0.342

0.206

0.568

1.61E−04

283

0.437

0.258

0.739

2.00E−03

Cognitive performance

282

1.182

0.842

1.659

3.33E−01

283

1.143

0.803

1.627

4.57E−01

Household income

282

1.101

0.627

1.932

7.38E−01

283

1.225

0.683

2.197

4.96E−01

  1. Results are presented as odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals for the effect of a unit standard deviation increase in educational attainment (years of schooling: mean = 15.1, s.d.=4.2 years), a unit standard deviation increase in standardized cognitive performance score (mean 0.00, s.d. = 0.99–1.00), and categorical increase in average annual household income before tax, on the risk of suicide attempt (hospital recorded non-fatal suicide attempt, including secondary diagnoses of poisoning by drugs or other substances, or injuries to the hand, wrist, and forearm). Model 1 was based upon iPSYCH Suicide Attempt Risk GWAS not accounting for comorbid mental disorders (N = 50,260); model 2 was based upon iPSYCH Suicide Attempt Risk GWAS accounting for diagnosed comorbid mental disorders in the same cohort sample (N = 50,260): schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, affective disorders, autism spectrum disorder, anorexia, and “any other disorder”. (1) SVMR results show effects of exposures on outcomes analyzed separately: the estimates are considered to be the total effect (direct plus indirect effect) of the exposure on the outcome; (2) MVMR results show effects of EA and CP analyzed simultaneously: the estimates are interpreted as the direct effect of the exposure on the outcome, independent of the effect of the other exposure; (3) MVMR adjusting for Average Household Income (Before Tax) showing effects of EA, CP and AHI analyzed simultaneously. All results shown are pruned of variants identified as outliers by the MR-PRESSO test (MR-PRESSO P < 0.10). Cochran Q tests did not indicate heterogeneity and MR Egger intercept test did not indicate pleiotropy for any model. See Supplementary Tables 10–12 for full results.
  2. SVMR single-variable Mendelian randomization, MVMR multivariable Mendelian randomization, N number, SNPs single-nucleotide polymorphisms, OR odds ratio, OR LCI 95% confidence interval lower bound, OR UCI 95% confidence interval upper bound.
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