Table 2 Descriptive and null hypothesis testing statistics for the facial masculinity score and distances for male siblings and age-matched male controls.

From: A broad autism phenotype expressed in facial morphology

 

Siblings (n = 30)

Controls (n = 69)

 

Facial variables

M

SD

M

SD

Test statistics

Facial area (mm2)

27 446

4 331

26 578

3 720

t(48.5) = 0.95, p = 0.34, d = 0.22 [–0.66, 0.21]

Masculinity scoreab

14.0

2.81

11.6

3.19

t(62.3) = 3.89, p = 0.0002, d = 0.81 [0.36, 1.26]

Linear distances (mm)

Alar-base widthabc

15.6

2.07

14.2

2.06

W = 570, p = 0.0004, d = 0.77 [0.33, 1.21]

Nose heighta

38.0

3.60

36.9

4.68

t(71.0) = 1.22, p = 0.23, d = 0.24 [–0.20, 0.68]

Upper lip heightab

24.2

2.64

21.2

2.28

t(48.8) = 5.32, p < 0.001, d = 1.23 [0.76, 1.70]

Geodesic distances (mm)

Outer canthal widthab

100.7

7.19

95.0

8.03

t(61.3) = 3.50, p = 0.0009, d = 0.73 [0.29, 1.18]

Forehead heightb

51.6

9.03

57.0

8.59

t(52.8) = 2.82, p = 0.007, d = 0.63 [0.19, 1.07]

Forehead widthb

147.9

10.9

142.7

12.1

t(61.1) = 2.10, p = 0.04, d = 0.44 [0.002, 0.88]

Nose heightab

49.3

4.68

43.9

5.78

t(67.6) = 4.83, p < 0.001, d = 0.97 [0.52, 1.43]

Upper lip heightb

26.7

3.21

23.5

3.28

t(56.3) = 4.41, p < 0.001, d = 0.96 [0.50, 1.41]

  1. aStatistically significantly different between autistic and non-autistic boys in Tan et al.21
  2. bStatistically significantly different in the present study
  3. cM and SD replaced with median and interquartile range, respectively
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