Table 1 Differences in cognitive performance between individuals with 22q11.2DS and typically developing controls for the three developmental stages.

From: Cognitive deficits in childhood, adolescence and adulthood in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome and association with psychopathology

 

Child

Adolescent

Adult

 

22q11.2DS

Control

   

22q11.2DS

Control

   

22q11.2DS

Control

   

n

Mean (sd)

n

Mean (sd)

F (df)

p

Effect size; ηp2

n

Mean (sd)

n

Mean (sd)

F (df)

p

Effect size; ηp2

n

Mean (sd)

n

Mean (sd)

t (df)

p

Effect size; Cohen’s d

Neurocognitive z-scores

 Processing speed

55

−0.64 (2.19)

22

0.58 (0.77)

11.74 (1,11)

0.006

0.08

60

0.02 (1.66)

34

0.55 (0.75)

4.3 (1,14)

0.057

0.03

99

0.49 (1.44)

48

1.02 (0.45)

3.32 (130.48)

0.001

0.43

 Sustained attention

49

−2.93 (2.36)

20

−0.68 (1.20)

57.5 (1,10)

<0.001

0.20

56

−1.77 (4.24)

34

−0.08 (1.22)

53.62 (1,14)

<0.001

0.05

86

−1.70 (1.12)

48

0.52 (0.81)

13.17 (123.79)

<0.001

2.16

 Working memory

60

−0.89 (1.02)

23

0.21 (0.88)

40.22 (1,12)

<0.001

0.20

65

−1.21 (0.84)

36

−0.50 (1.03)

19.51 (1,16)

<0.001

0.13

106

−0.41 (0.89)

48

1.20 (0.32)

16.45 (146.53)

<0.001

2.12

IQ test scores

 Full-scale IQ

58

79.71 (10.05)

22

114.50 (16.29)

135.38 (1,11)

<0.001

0.63

65

72.90 (13.35)

35

104.49 (11.45)

326.11 (1,15)

<0.001

0.59

104

73.47 (11.98)

48

111.42 (16.87)

14.04 (69.72)

<0.001

2.77

 Verbal IQ

58

81.40 (12.33)

22

116.05 (14.00)

195.88 (1,11)

<0.001

0.6

65

74.71 (13.80)

35

104.09 (10.26)

281.31 (1,15)

<0.001

0.56

102

72.97 (14.53)

48

108.10 (16.67)

13.17 (148)

<0.001

2.3

 Performance IQ

60

81.52 (9.29)

22

109.73 (17.52)

70.79 (1,11)

<0.001

0.53

65

75.12 (13.06)

35

104.17 (14.17)

256.53 (1,15)

<0.001

0.52

102

72.26 (15.68)

48

110.08 (21.65)

10.84 (71.04)

<0.001

2.13

  1. p values that are statistically significant are shown in bold.