Table 1 The clinical characteristics of the participants.
Schizophrenia (n = 94) | Bipolar disorder (n = 68) | Major depressive disorder (n = 104) | Control (n = 118) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± standard deviation | Range | Mean ± standard deviation | Range | Mean ± standard deviation | Range | Mean ± standard deviation | Range | |
Age (years) | 40.5 ± 10.1 | 18–65 | 43.6 ± 12.2 | 20–74 | 43.4 ± 11.0 | 18–71 | 42.4 ± 15.3 | 19–77 |
Sex, male (%) | 56 (59.6) | 33 (48.5) | 49 (47.1) | 66 (55.9) | ||||
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.7 ± 5.5 | 15.3–46.7 | 23.9 ± 4.8 | 13.9–35.6 | 22.3 ± 3.4 | 15.6–33.8 | 22.6 ± 3.4 | 15.8–32.5 |
Education level (years) | 13.6 ± 2.7 | 9–22 | 14.8 ± 2.6 | 9–21 | 15.0 ± 2.5 | 10–26 | 14.9 ± 2.6 | 10–23 |
Duration of illness (years) | 15.7 ± 9.6 | 2–47 | 10.4 ± 7.7 | 0–30 | 7.2 ± 7.6 | 0–38 | ||
Chlorpromazine-equivalent dose (mg/day) | ||||||||
Total | 950.7 ± 929.9 | 0–5195.5 | 175.0 ± 303.1 | 0–1409.1 | 70.0 ± 156.7 | 0–823.0 | ||
Typical | 99.8 ± 387.1 | 0–2750.0 | 7.4 ± 25.9 | 0–150.0 | 6.3 ± 25.1 | 0–150.0 | ||
Atypical | 850.8 ± 715.7 | 0–3645.5 | 171.3 ± 306.1 | 0–1409.1 | 63.7 ± 150.3 | 0–803.0 | ||
Imipramine-equivalent dose (mg/day) | 21.4 ± 46.4 | 0–225.0 | 51.9 ± 99.1 | 0–456.3 | 164.0 ± 143.0 | 0–525.0 | ||
Typical antipsychotic use, n (%) | 22 (23.4) | 6 (8.8) | 5 (4.8) | |||||
Atypical antipsychotic use, n (%) | 60 (63.8) | 19 (27.9) | 13 (12.5) | |||||
Antidepressant use, n (%) | 18 (19.1) | 17 (25.0) | 37 (35.2) | |||||
Mood stabilizer use, n (%) | 10 (10.6) | 20 (29.4) | 7 (6.7) | |||||
Antiparkinsonian use, n (%) | 31 (33.0) | 2 (2.9) | 2 (1.9) | |||||
Minor tranquilizer use, n (%) | 47 (50.0) | 32 (47.1) | 39 (37.5) | |||||
Drug free, n (%) | 11 (11.7) | 5 (7.3) | 26 (25.0) | |||||
Positive and negative syndrome scale | ||||||||
Total | 61.0 ± 16.1 | 33–115 | ||||||
Positive | 14.2 ± 5.1 | 7–27 | ||||||
Negative | 16.3 ± 5.2 | 7–28 | ||||||
General | 30.5 ± 8.9 | 16–60 | ||||||
Young mania-rating scale | 6.2 ± 7.5 | 0–33 | ||||||
Hamilton depression rating scale | 11.4 ± 7.7 | 0–35 | 11.3 ± 9.2 | |||||
