Fig. 2: TRAP alters microglial infiltration and astrocyte reactivity at PND 51–55.

a Representative photomicrographs of IBA1 immunoreactivity (red) in the CA1 hippocampus of FA vs. TRAP females. Sections were counterstained with DAPI (blue) to identify cell nuclei. Bar = 100 µm. Arrowheads indicate IBA1+ cells. b Quantification of microglial infiltration in hippocampal subregions, indicated as percentage of IBA1+ cells. c Representative images of GFAP (red) and s100β (green) immunoreactivity in the dentate gyrus of FA vs. TRAP females. Bar = 100 µm. Astrogliosis was quantified as the percentage area immunopositive for GFAP (d) or s100β (e). Data from male and female animals are combined and presented as the mean ± SD (n = 10–12 animals/exposure). Circles represent an individual animal (average of four brain slices per animal); white = FA; gray = TRAP. * = p < 0.05, ** = p < 0.01 (Student’s t test).