Table 1 Early-life stress rodent models.
Stress type | Exposure period | Rodent model | Behavioral phenotypes | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Restraint (6 h/day) | G5.5–G17.5 | ICR mice | ↓ Rearing and Locomotion (OF) | |
↓ Time and Entries in open arms (EPM) | ||||
↓ Rearing and Head dipping (Hole-board test) | ||||
Restraint (2.25 h/day) | G7–P0 | Swiss albino ND4 mice | ↓ Time and Entries in open arms (EPM) | Dong et al.48 |
↑ Time in dark compartment (Light-dark test) | ||||
↑ Alcohol consumption (2-bottle free choice) | ||||
Restraint (2.25 h/day) | G12–G18 | C57BL/6NCr mice | ↓ Time in open arms (EPM) | Akatsu et al.55 |
= No effects (MWM) | ||||
Restraint (2.25 h/day) | G15–P0 | Swiss albino mice | ↑ Exploration and locomotion (T-maze, Tight-rope) (in males) | Pallarés et al.51 |
↑ Entries in open arms (EPM) (in females) | ||||
Restraint (1.5 h/day) | G5–G19 | Wistar and Lewis rats NMRI and C57BL/6 mice | = No effects (OF) | Enayati et al.49 |
↓ Sucrose preference (SPT) and ↑ Latency to feed (NSF) | ||||
↑ Immobility time (TST, FST) | ||||
Restraint (2.25 h/day) | G14–G21 | CD rats | ↓ Entries in open arms (EPM) (in females) | Richardson et al.50 |
Sprague-Dawley rats | ↓ Time in open arms (EZM) (in males) | Van den Hove et al.54 | ||
Restraint (2.25 h/day) | G11–P0 | Sprague-Dawley rats | ↓ Time in the center (OF) | |
↓ or ↑ Time in open arms (EPM) (in males or females) | ||||
↑ Spatial learning (MWM) (in females) | ||||
Restraint (2.25 h/day) | G14–G21 | Sprague-Dawley rats | ↓ Time in the center (OF) (in males) | Iturra-Mena et al.57 |
G15–G20 | ↓ Social interaction (in both sexes) | Poltyrev et al.58 | ||
↓ Climbing and ↑ Immobility time (FST) (in males) | ||||
= No effects (SPT) | ||||
Unpredictable chronic stress (1/day) | G1–G7 | Wistar rats | = or ↑ Avoidance (ETM) | Soliani et al.56 |
G8–G14 | (depending on exposure period) | |||
G15–G21 | ||||
Unpredictable chronic stress (1/day) | G13–G21 | Wistar rats | ↑ Swim velocity (MWM) | Barbie-Shoshani et al.59 |
↑ Object recognition (in females) | ||||
Unpredictable chronic stress (80 foot shocks/day) | G0–P0 | Wistar rats | ↓ Time and entries in open arms (EPM) | Estanislau and Morato45 |
Maternal separation (1 h/day) | P1–P11 | C57BL/6 mice | ↓ Flexibility (4 choice-reversal learning) | Thomas et al.83 |
Maternal and peer separation (4 h/day) | P2–P14 | C57BL/6 mice | = No effects (OF) | Bailoo et al.70 |
Maternal separation | P2–P14 | C57BL/6 mice | ↓ Distance traveled and Rearings (in males) (OF) | Bondar et al.65 |
(4 h/day) | ↓ Time in open arms (in females) (EPM) | |||
↑ Social interactions (in females) | ||||
Maternal separation (3 h/day) | P2–P14 | C57BL/6 mice | ↑ Time in the center and Rearings (OF) | Own and Patel69 |
↓ Latency to first immobility (FST) | ||||
Maternal separation (3 h/day) | P2–P14 | BALB/cJRj | ↓ Exploration and time in the center (OF) | Teissier et al.67 |
↓ Time in open arms (EPM) | ||||
↑ Marble burying | ||||
↑ Immobility time (FST) | ||||
↓ Grooming time (Splash test) | ||||
↓ Short-term memory (Sequential novel object recognition) | ||||
Maternal separation (4 h/day) | P2–P20 | C57BL/6 mice | ↑ Time and Entries in closed arms (EPM) | Shin et al.79 |
= No effects (FST, Y-maze, MWM) | ||||
↑ Dominance (Tube test) | ||||
↓ Latency to first attack and ↑ Number of attacks (Resident intruder test) | ||||
Maternal separation (1 h/day) | P3–P21 | C57BL/6 mice | ↑ Time in the center (OF) (after chronic social defeat stress) | Qin et al.72 |
↑ Time and Entries in open arms (EPM) (after chronic social defeat stress) | ||||
Maternal separation (4 h/day) | P10–P20 | C57BL/6J mice | ↓ Time in the center (OF) (after stress defeat) | Peña et al.64 |
↑ Immobility time (FST) and ↓ Sucrose consumption (SPT) (after stress defeat) | ||||
↓ Social interaction (after stress defeat) | ||||
Maternal separation | C57BL/6J and DBA/2 mice | ↓ Time in the center (OF) | George et al.61 | |
(4 h/day) | P2–P5 | |||
(8 h/day) | P6-P16 | |||
+ early weaning (at P17) | ||||
↓ Entries in open arms (EPM) | ||||
↑ Immobility time (FST) (in DBA/2) | ||||
Maternal separation (6 h/day) + early weaning (at P17) | P7–P15 | C57BL/6J mice | ↑ Immobility time (TST) | Tchenio et al.82 |
↓ Sucrose consumption (SPT) | ||||
↑ Failure to escapable shocks (Shuttle box) | ||||
Maternal separation | Long Evans rats | ↓ Freezing to conspecific | Litvin et al.86 | |
(3 h/day) | P2–P13 | ↓ Unconditioned freezing (cat odor) | ||
(6 h/day) | P11-P13 | |||
Maternal separation (3 h/day) | P1–P14 | Wistar rats | = No effects (OF) | Farkas et al.68 |
Maternal separation | P2–P14 | Sprague-Dawley rats | ↓ Entries and Distance in the center (OF) | |
(3 h/day) | ↓ Entries and Distance in open arms (EPM) | |||
Maternal separation (3 h/day) | P2–P14 | Long Evans rats | ↑ Passive-submissive to proactive coping (Social Defeat) | Gardner et al.85 |
Maternal separation (3 h/day) | P2–P15 | Wistar rats | ↓ Time in open arms (EPM) | Uhelski and Fuchs76 |
Maternal separation (1,3 h/day) | P1–P14 | Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) | ↑ Exploration (in WKY) and ↓ (in W) (OF) | Rana et al.71 |
and Wistar (W) rats | ↓ Grooming (in W) (OF) | |||
↓ Immobility time (FST) (in WKY) | ||||
↑ Social interaction (in WKY) and ↓ (in W) | ||||
Maternal separation (6 h/day) | P2–P15 | Wistar rats | ↓ Time in the center (OF) | Roque et al.77 |
↓ Latency to first immobility and ↑ Immobility time (FST) | ||||
Maternal and peer separation (6 h/day) | P4–P14 | Wistar rats | ↓ Latency to enter the dark and ↑ Time in the dark (Light-dark test) | Kambali et al.78 |
↓ Social novelty and ↑ Spatial learning (Radial arm maze) | ||||
↑ Attentional responses (5-Choice serial reaction time) | ||||
Maternal separation (4 h/day) | P2–P20 | Sprague-Dawley rats | ↓ Social interactions and ↑ Latency to contact (nose-to-nose) | Holland et al.84 |
↓ Distance to conspecifics (in females) | ||||
Maternal separation (3 h/day) | P2–P21 | Sprague-Dawley rats | ↓ Distance in the center (OF) | Park et al.66 |
↓ Time and Entries in open arms (EPM) and ↑ Immobility time (FST) | ||||
Limited bedding and nesting material | P2–P9 | C57BL/6J mice | = No effects (OF) and ↑ Latency to escape (MWM) | Rice et al.73 |
↓ Novel object exploration | ||||
Limited bedding and nesting material | P2–P9 | C57BL/6 mice | = No effects (OF) and ↓ Time and Entries in bright compartment (Light-dark test) | Yang et al.74 |
↓ Activity (Y-maze) | ||||
Limited bedding and nesting material | P2–P9 | C57BL/6J mice | = No effects (EPM, FST) and ↓ Object location memory | Naninck et al.81 |
↓ Spatial learning (MWM) (in males) | ||||
Limited bedding and nesting material | P4–P11 | C57BL/6 mice | ↑ Distance traveled (OF) (in kicked pups) | Gallo et al.75 |
Time in bright compartment (↑ in kicked and ↓ in non-kicked pups) (Light-dark test) | ||||
= No effects (O-maze) |
