Table 2 Rodent models of early-life exposure to SSRIs.

Fluoxetine (0.3–0.8 mg/kg i.p.)

G8–G18

C57BL/6J mice

↓ Distance traveled in the center (OF)

Noorlander et al.⁹², Smit-Rigter et al.⁹³

↑ Time in closed arms (EPM)

↑ Latency to feed (NSF)

Fluoxetine (10 mg/kg s.c.)

G1–P0

CD1 mice

= No effects (Novel object exploration, Object memory test)

Svirsky et al.¹⁰⁰

↑ Animal exploration (Social preference test) (only in young females)

= No effects (Social exploration and Social Memory tests)

↑ Number and Duration of attacks (Social exploration and memory tests)

Fluoxetine (25 mg/kg per os.)

G15–P12

C57BL/6 mice

= No effects (OF)

Kiryanova et al.^95,96

↑ Time in open arms and Number of head dips (EPM)

↑ Spatial memory (MWM)

= No effects (Passive avoidance, PPI)

↑ Proportion of attackers

= No effects (Social interaction) (Resident intruder)

Fluoxetine (25 mg/kg per os.)

G15–P12

C57BL/6 mice

= No effects (OF, Horizontal ladder, PPI, MWM, Fear conditioning)

McAllister et al.⁹⁴

↓ Time in closed arms (EPM)

↑ Latency to first immobility (FST)

Fluoxetine (10 mg/kg per os.)

G0–P14

Sprague-Dawley and Wistar-Kyoto rats

↓ Time in the center (OF)

Millard et al.⁹⁹

↓ Time in open arms (EPM)

↑ Immobility time (FST)

Fluoxetine (10 mg/kg per gavage)

G0–P21

Wistar rats

↓ Third-party prosocial behavior (in females)

Heinla et al.¹⁰²

Fluoxetine (5 mg/kg per gavage)

G1–P21

Wistar rats

= No effects (OF, EPM)

Toffoli et al.⁹⁸

Fluoxetine (10 mg/kg per os.)

G10–P21

Sprague-Dawley rats

In females:

Gemmel et al.¹⁰¹

↑ Time interacting with another female

↑ Time in social investigation

↓ Time to first interaction

In males:

↑ Time in social play

↑ Running away from a novel partner

↑ Self grooming

Fluoxetine (12 mg/kg per gavage)

G11–P0

Wistar rats

= No effects (OF, EPM, SPT, FST)

Olivier et al.⁹⁷

↑ Latency to feed (NSF)

↑ Freezing and ↓ Time in the shock compartment

(Place aversion)

↓ Juvenile social play and exploration

↓ Adult self-grooming and social exploration

Fluoxetine (12 mg/kg per gavage)

G11–P7

Wistar rats

↑ Turning time (Negative geotaxis)

Kroeze et al.⁹¹

↑ Age (Vibrissa placement)

↑ Age (Startle reflex)

↓ Locomotor and motor abilities (at early postnatal ages)

↓ Grooming

= No effects (NOR, Object directed behavior)

Fluoxetine (10 mg/kg i.p.)

P4–P21

129S6/SvEvTac mice

↓ Distance traveled, Rearing and Ambulation times (OF)

Ansorge et al.¹⁰³

↓ Number of open arm entries (EPM)

↑ Latency to escape (shock-avoidance/escape)

↑ Latency to feed (NSF)

Fluoxetine (10 mg/kg i.p.)

P2–P11

129S6/SvEvTac mice

↓ Sucrose consumption (SPT)

Rebello et al.¹⁰⁶, Teissier et al.¹⁰⁷

↑ Immobility time (FST)

Fluoxetine (10 mg/kg per os.)

P2–P14

C57BL/6J mice

↑ Latency to feed (NSF)

Soiza-Reilly et al.¹¹¹

↑ Immobility time (FST)

Fluoxetine (10 mg/kg s.c.)

P2–P14

C57BL/6J mice

↓ Time and Total distance in the center (OF)

Olusakin et al.¹¹²

↑ Latency to feed (NSF)

↑ Immobility time (FST)

↑ Latency to groom (Splash test)

Fluoxetine (5 mg/kg per os.)

P1–P21

C57BL/6J mice

= No effects (MWM)

Ishiwata et al.¹¹⁹

Fluoxetine (10 mg/kg i.p.)

P4–P21

C57BL/6J mice

↑ Immobility time in the center, ↓ Total rearing time (OF)

Karpova et al.¹¹³

↑ Total immobility time (Light-Dark)

↓ Immobility time (FST)

Fluoxetine (5 mg/kg per os.)

P1–P21

BALB/c mice

↑ Time and Entries in open arms (EPM)

Ishikawa and Shiga¹¹⁶

= No effects (FST, SPT, MWM)

Fluoxetine (10 mg/kg s.c.)

P0–P6

Wistar rats

↓ Maximum crossable gap distance

Lee et al.¹¹⁷

(Gap-crossing)

↓ Ambulation in the center and rearing (OF)

Fluoxetine (20 mg/kg s.c.)

P0–P4

Wistar rats

↓ Distance traveled and ambulation in the center (OF)

Ko et al.¹¹⁵

↓ Number of closed arm entries and of total distance traveled (EPM)

↑ Time spent in immobility (FST)

↓ Sensorimotor gating (PPI)

↑ Social interaction, sniffing and contacts

Fluoxetine (10 mg/kg per gavage)

P2–P7

NIH Norway rats

↓ Ultrasonic vocalizations (PPI)

Zimmerberg and Germeyan¹¹⁸

↓ Interaction time with conspecific

Fluoxetine (5 mg/kg s.c. osmotic minipump in dams)

P1–P21

Sprague-Dawley rats

In females:

Boulle et al.^109,110

= No effects (OF, EZM)

↑ Immobility time (FST)

In males:

↓ Center entries (OF)

↓ Distance traveled (EZM)

= No effects (FST)

Fluoxetine (10 mg/kg s.c.)

P1–P21

Wistar rats

↓ Time in closed arms

Da Silva et al.¹¹⁴

↑ Number of open arm entries and Time in open arms (EPM)

Fluoxetine (10 mg/kg per os.)

P2–P21

Sprague-Dawley rats

↓ Time and Traveled distance in the center (OF)

Sarkar et al.^104,105

↓ Path length and time in open arms (EPM)

↑ Immobility time (FST)

↓ Juvenile play behavior and Time in social grooming

Fluoxetine (10 mg/kg i.p. in dams)

P2–P24

Sprague-Dawley rats

↑ Time in closed arms (EPM) (in males)

Gobinath et al.¹⁰⁸

↑ Latency to feed (NSF) (in males)

↑ Swim time (FST)

Citalopram (10 mg/kg i.p.)

P4–P21

129S6/SvEv mice

↓ Total ambulatory time (OF)

Ansorge et al.¹²¹

↓ Total number of arm entries (EPM)

↑ Latency to escape (shock-escape)

↑ Latency to drink (novelty-induced hypophagia)

Citalopram (20 mg/kg s.c.)

P1–P10

Sprague-Dawley rats

↑ Auditory discrimination threshold (in males)

Zhou et al.²¹⁴

Citalopram (10 mg/kg s.c.)

P8–P21

Long Evans rats

↑ Distance traveled and ambulatory time (OF)

Maciag et al.^122,123, Harris et al.¹²⁴

= No effects (EPM, FST, Saccharine-sweetened fluid consumption)

Citalopram (20 mg/kg s.c.)

P8–P21

Long Evans rats

↑ Stereotypic behaviors and Freezing after tone (stronger in males)

Simpson et al. [126], Rodriguez-Porcel et al.¹²⁷ Khatri et al.¹²⁸

↓ Exploration of novel object (stronger in males)

↓ Juvenile play behavior and interaction to conspecifics (stronger in males)

Escitalopram (10 mg/kg s.c.)

P5–P19

CD1 mice

↓ Total arm entries and rears (EPM)

Popa et al.¹²⁰

↓ Sucrose consumption and intake (SPT)

↑ Immobility time (FST and TST)

↑ REM sleep (pro-depressive)

= No effects (light-dark)

Escitalopram (10 mg/kg s.c.)

P5–P21

CD1 × 129SvEv mice

↑ Time and Entries in Open arms (EPM)

Altieri et al.¹²⁵

= No effects (OF, FST)