Fig. 1: Example study designs in music-mental health research.
From: Mental health and music engagement: review, framework, and guidelines for future studies
Within experimental studies, music interventions can include passive musical activities (e.g., song listening, music and meditation, lyric discussion, creating playlists) or active musical activities (e.g., creative methods, such as songwriting or improvisation and/or re-creative methods, such as song parody).
