Fig. 2: Propranolol-induced disruption of reconsolidation decreases smoking craving.

The ANOVA showed a significant group (propranolol, placebo)āĆātime (day 1, day 3) interaction for craving scores. The simple-effect analysis revealed that craving scores significantly decreased from day 1 to day 3 in the propranolol group but not in the placebo group. This analysis also revealed that after the reconsolidation manipulation, the propranolol group (blue bars) exhibited a more significant decrease compared with the placebo group (orange bars). Error bars indicated the SEM.