Fig. 3: Offspring of PPS males show a lower inclination for social contact. | Translational Psychiatry

Fig. 3: Offspring of PPS males show a lower inclination for social contact.

From: Early life adoption shows rearing environment supersedes transgenerational effects of paternal stress on aggressive temperament in the offspring

Fig. 3

A Social Preference. The exploration percentage (expressed as the time spent exploring the juvenile over total exploration) was significantly reduced both by being born to or reared by PPS male-paired dams. Prenatal effects are depicted by letters a, b. B The total time spent exploring the juvenile was significantly reduced by both prenatal and postnatal effects, while there was no effect on object exploration time. Prenatal effects are depicted by letters a, b. C Social memory. Social memory was enhanced in pups raised by PPS male-paired dams as evident by greater novel juvenile exploration percentage when compared to total exploration time. D The effect in social memory was driven by decreased exploration of the familiar juvenile by offspring raised by PPS male-paired dams, with no changes in exploration of the novel juvenile. n = 8 per group. The results are the mean ± s.e.m. PPS: Peripubertally stressed rats. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001.

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