Table 2 Descriptive characteristics for sociodemographic and pregnancy-related factors of the suicide cases and non-cases.

From: Prenatal origins of suicide mortality: A prospective cohort study in the United States

 

Non-cases, n (%)

Suicides, n (%)

Suicide incidence rate per 100,000 person-years (95%CI)

Race

   

White

22551 (45.7)

171 (59.8)

20.3 (17.5, 23.6)

Black

23112 (46.8)

106 (37.1)

12.4 (10.3, 15.0)

Other

3702 (7.5)

9 (3.1)

6.5 (3.4, 12.6)

Sex of the child

Male

24972 (50.4)

214 (74.3)

23.2 (20.3, 26.6)

Female

24542 (49.6)

74 (25.7)

8.1 (6.4, 10.1)

Family structure

Both parents at home

37474 (77)

224 (78.1)

16.1 (14.1, 18.3)

Single or Married & Father absent

7125 (14.6)

32 (11.1)

12.1 (8.6, 17.1)

Sep/Widowed/Divorced & Father absent

4086 (8.4)

31 (10.8)

20.6 (14.5, 29.2)

Household density

< 1 persons per bedroom

23249 (48)

128 (44.8)

14.8 (12.4, 17.6)

1–<1.5 persons per bedroom

8005 (16.5)

60 (21.0)

20.2 (15.7, 26.0)

≥1.5 persons per bedroom

17163 (35.5)

98 (34.3)

15.5 (12.7, 18.9)

Poverty ratio category

90th percentile

4815 (10.5)

24 (8.8)

13.3 (8.9, 19.8)

75th percentile

7049 (15.4)

50 (18.3)

19.0 (14.4, 25.0)

50th percentile

11701 (25.6)

64 (23.4)

14.7 (11.5, 18.8)

25th percentile

10167 (22.2)

65 (23.8)

17.3 (13.6, 22.1)

10th percentile

6301 (13.8)

45 (16.5)

19.3 (14.4, 25.9)

<10th percentile

5687 (12.4)

25 (9.2)

11.9 (8.1, 17.6)

Parental education ≤ 12 years

No

6622 (13.6)

19 (6.6)

7.7 (4.9, 12.0)

Yes

41982 (86.4)

268 (93.4)

17.2 (15.3, 19.4)

Parental occupation at birth

Non-manual

17768 (36.5)

91 (31.7)

13.7 (11.2, 16.9)

None/student

3042 (6.3)

16 (5.6)

14.2 (8.7, 23.2)

Manual

27849 (57.2)

180 (62.7)

17.5 (15.1, 20.2)

Birth order

1st

13382 (27.9)

58 (20.6)

11.6 (9.0, 15.0)

2nd

10301 (21.5)

57 (20.2)

14.8 (11.4, 19.2)

3rd

7567 (15.8)

51 (18.1)

18.1 (13.7, 23.8)

≥4th

16752 (34.9)

116 (41.1)

18.7 (15.6, 22.4)

Pregnancy complication scorea

0

2673 (5.4)

8 (2.8)

8.1 (4.0, 16.2)

3–4

11649 (23.5)

58 (20.1)

13.4 (10.4, 17.3)

5–7

13837 (27.9)

82 (28.5)

16.0 (12.9, 19.8)

8–10

9368 (18.9)

65 (22.6)

18.7 (14.6, 23.8)

>10

12038 (24.3)

75 (26)

16.8 (13.4, 21.1)

Labor and delivery complication scoreb

0

13894 (28)

74 (25.7)

14.4 (11.5, 18.1)

3–4

15982 (32.2)

101 (35.1)

17.0 (14.0, 20.7)

5–7

7093 (14.3)

46 (16)

17.5 (13.1, 23.4)

>7

12596 (25.4)

67 (23.3)

14.3 (11.3, 18.2)

Neonatal complication scorec

0

11937 (24.1)

77 (26.7)

17.4 (13.9, 21.7)

3–4

16196 (32.7)

90 (31.3)

15.0 (12.2, 18.4)

5–8

11047 (22.3)

60 (20.8)

14.6 (11.4, 18.8)

>8

10385 (21.0)

61 (21.2)

15.9 (12.4, 20.4)

Mother age, years

<20

11627 (23.5)

68 (23.6)

15.8 (12.4, 20.0)

20–24

18079 (36.5)

96 (33.3)

14.3 (11.7, 17.5)

25–29

10521 (21.2)

63 (21.9)

16.1 (12.6, 20.6)

30–34

5665 (11.4)

35 (12.2)

16.7 (12.0, 23.2)

≥35

3673 (7.4)

26 (9.0)

19.2 (13.0, 28.1)

Maternal psychiatric history

No

45479 (91.8)

255 (88.5)

15.1 (13.4, 17.1)

Yes

4071 (8.2)

33 (11.5)

21.7 (15.4, 30.5)

Birth weight

<1,500 g

269 (0.5)

2 (0.7)

20.0 (5.0, 80.0)

1,500–2,499 g

4816 (9.7)

29 (10.1)

16.3 (11.3, 23.5)

2,500–4,000 g

41868 (84.6)

236 (81.9)

15.2 (13.4, 17.2)

>4,000 g

2520 (5.1)

21 (7.3)

22.5 (14.7, 34.5)

Small for gestational age

No

43342 (89.2)

250 (88.3)

15.5 (13.7, 17.6)

Yes

5244 (10.8)

33 (11.7)

16.9 (12.0, 23.8)

Smoking during pregnancy

No

19180 (39.2)

86 (30.1)

12.1 (9.8, 14.9)

Yes

29815 (60.9)

200 (69.9)

18.1 (15.7, 20.8)

  1. CI confidence interval
  2. aPregnancy complications include maternal age-related risk (below age <17 or >40), multiple gestation, intrauterine growth restriction, intrauterine growth acceleration, fetal heart rate deviations (e.g., abnormal heart rate/rythm), bleeding during pregnancy (e.g., placental abruption, early late pregnancy bleeding, and antepartum hemorrhage), placental abnormalities (e.g., single umbilical artery and placental previa), other fetal or placental conditions (e.g., premature rupture of membranes, oligohydramnios, and polyhydramnios), maternal conditions (e.g., preeclampsia, hypertension, albuminuria, and excessive weight gain), weight loss, hyperemesis, maternal hormonal and metabolic disorders (e.g., diabetes and hyper/hypothyroidism), appendicitis, neurological conditions (e.g., convulsive disorder), maternal infections (e.g., gonorrhea, syphilis, other STD, urinary infection, and pyelonephritis), amniocentesis, and maternal substance use (e.g., smoking during pregnancy, and drug habituation/addiction).
  3. bLabor and delivery complications include induced labor, labor length (prolonged labor, precipitous delivery, and tocolysis), abnormal fetal presentation, cephalopelvic disproportion (eg., fetopelvic disproportion and placenta previa without bleeding), operative vaginal delivery (e.g., forceps or vacuum assisted vaginal delivery), cesarean delivery, fetal distress, meconium in amniotic fluid, umbilical cord complications during delivery (e.g., cord prolapse, nuchal, or body cord), placental abruption, and postpartum hemorrhage.
  4. cNeonatal complications include deviations in gestational age (prematurity or post-term), low birth weight, circulatory system malformations (e.g., heart murmur), genital tract malformations (e.g., hydronephrosis), musculoskeletal malformations (e.g., craniosynostosis), congenital infections, hyperbilirubinemia, cephalohematoma, early neonatal complications (e.g., low Apgar scores, cyanosis, required resuscitation after birth, apnea, respiratory distress, required oxygen support), meconium aspiration syndrome, bradycardia, endocrinological disorders (e.g., hypocalcemia and hypoglycemia), neonatal infections (e.g., sepsis, pneumonia, and eye infection), hypothermia, and conditions requiring blood transfusion.
Back to article page