Fig. 3.: Stress-related Symptom Changes.

Development of PTSD-symptom levels (assessed by PCL-5) and perceived stress levels (assessed by PSS) from Wave-1 (w1) to Wave-2 (w2) were illustrated. Large individual differences were observed for change scores in PCL (i.e., delta-PCL, left panel, range: −21–+36), and in PSS (i.e., delta-PSS, right panel, range −21–+24). Each line represents the individual change in stress symptoms from w1 to w2. Group means for both PCL and PSS from each wave assessment are illustrated using the orange squares.