Fig. 3: Comparative brain abnormalities of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) to substance use disorders (SUDs) and their corresponding functioning.

Clusters were exhibited in the sagittal, axial, and coronal planes at p < 0.001, z > 1, and cluster size > 10 voxels. Increased GMV patterns of ADHD relative to SUDs were shown in orange while decreased patterns in blue. Results of functional decoding presented contribution of each behavioral domain to each suprathreshold cluster. L Left, R Right, preCG Precentral gyrus, IPL Inferior parietal lobule.