Fig. 4: Results of meta-regression analyses.

a Brain regions where the associations of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with GMV were modulated by age. b Brain regions where the associations of ADHD with GMV were modulated by sex (female ratio). c Brain regions where the associations of substance use disorders with GMV were modulated by age. Clusters were displayed at p < 0.0005 and cluster size > 10 voxels. Positive correlation was shown in orange with an upward regression line while negative patterns in blue with a downward line. In the plot, each study is marked as a dot, and the size of each dot corresponds to the sample size. L Left, R Right, SFG Superior frontal gyrus, HIP Hippocampus, OFC Orbitofrontal cortex, MCC Median cingulate gyrus, SMG Supramarginal gyrus, STG Superior temporal gyrus, THAL Thalamus, F/M Female/male.