Table 4 Individual generalized linear models for associations between each psychiatric disorder with 60-day hospitalization and death following COVID-19 infection (n = 228,367).

From: Post-traumatic stress disorder and risk for hospitalization and death following COVID-19 infection

  

Model 1

Model 2

 

No. (%)

RR (95% CI)

p-value

RR (95% CI)

p-value

Outcome: 60-day hospitalizations following COVID-19 infection

 PTSD

58,567 (25.6)

1.18 (1.15, 1.21)

<0.0001

1.09 (1.06, 1.12)

<0.0001

 Other psychiatric disorders

64,395 (28.2)

1.34 (1.31, 1.37)

<0.0001

1.22 (1.19, 1.24)

<0.0001

 Major depressive disorder

78,724 (34.5)

1.34 (1.31, 1.37)

<0.0001

1.21 (1.18, 1.23)

<0.0001

 Other psychiatric disorders

44,238 (19.4)

1.15 (1.12, 1.18)

<0.0001

1.09 (1.06, 1.12)

<0.0001

 Anxiety disorder

51,815 (22.7)

1.31 (1.28, 1.35)

<0.0001

1.19 (1.16, 1.22)

<0.0001

 Other psychiatric disorders

71,147 (31.2)

1.25 (1.22, 1.27)

<0.0001

1.15 (1.12, 1.17)

<0.0001

 Adjustment disorder

29,259 (12.8)

1.40 (1.35, 1.44)

<0.0001

1.26 (1.22, 1.30)

<0.0001

 Other psychiatric disorders

93,703 (41.0)

1.24 (1.21, 1.26)

<0.0001

1.14 (1.12, 1.16)

<0.0001

 Alcohol use disorder

21,885 (9.6)

1.62 (1.56, 1.67)

<0.0001

1.45 (1.40, 1.49)

<0.0001

 Other psychiatric disorders

101,077 (44.3)

1.21 (1.18, 1.23)

<0.0001

1.11 (1.09, 1.13)

<0.0001

 Substance use disorder

13,440 (5.9)

1.90 (1.83, 1.97)

<0.0001

1.62 (1.56, 1.68)

<0.0001

 Other psychiatric disorders

109,522 (48.0)

1.20 (1.18, 1.23)

<0.0001

1.11 (1.09, 1.14)

<0.0001

 Bipolar disorder

8791 (3.8)

1.66 (1.58, 1.74)

<0.0001

1.46 (1.39, 1.53)

<0.0001

 Other psychiatric disorders

114,171 (50.0)

1.25 (1.22, 1.27)

<0.0001

1.14 (1.12, 1.17)

<0.0001

 Psychotic disorder

7254 (3.2)

1.84 (1.76, 1.91)

<0.0001

1.66 (1.59, 1.73)

<0.0001

 Other psychiatric disorders

115,708 (50.7)

1.22 (1.20, 1.25)

<0.0001

1.12 (1.10, 1.15)

<0.0001

Outcome: 60-day deaths following COVID-19 infection

 PTSD

58,567 (25.6)

1.13 (1.08, 1.19)

<0.0001

1.08 (1.03, 1.13)

0.001

 Other psychiatric disorders

64,395 (28.2)

1.23 (1.18, 1.27)

<0.0001

1.14 (1.10, 1.19)

<0.0001

 Major depressive disorder

78,724 (34.5)

1.23 (1.18, 1.27)

<0.0001

1.13 (1.09, 1.17)

<0.0001

 Other psychiatric disorders

44,238 (19.4)

1.14 (1.09, 1.19)

<0.0001

1.10 (1.05, 1.15)

<0.0001

 Anxiety disorder

51,815 (22.7)

1.13 (1.07, 1.18)

<0.0001

1.06 (1.01, 1.11)

0.028

 Other psychiatric disorders

71,147 (31.2)

1.22 (1.18, 1.26)

<0.0001

1.15 (1.11, 1.19)

<0.0001

 Adjustment disorder

29,259 (12.8)

1.14 (1.07, 1.21)

<0.0001

1.05 (0.99, 1.12)

0.102

 Other psychiatric disorders

93,703 (41.0)

1.20 (1.16, 1.24)

<0.0001

1.13 (1.10, 1.17)

<0.0001

 Alcohol use disorder

21,885 (9.6)

1.10 (1.02, 1.19)

0.001

1.03 (0.95, 1.11)

0.482

 Other psychiatric disorders

101,077 (44.3)

1.20 (1.16, 1.24)

<0.0001

1.13 (1.09, 1.17)

<0.0001

 Substance use disorder

13,440 (5.9)

1.18 (1.07, 1.30)

<0.0001

1.04 (0.94, 1.14)

0.476

 Other psychiatric disorders

109,522 (48.0)

1.19 (1.15, 1.23)

<0.0001

1.12 (1.09, 1.16)

<0.0001

 Bipolar disorder

8791 (3.8)

1.41 (1.28, 1.57)

<0.0001

1.29 (1.17, 1.43)

<0.0001

 Other psychiatric disorders

114,171 (50.0)

1.18 (1.14, 1.22)

<0.0001

1.11 (1.07, 1.15)

<0.0001

 Psychotic disorder

7254 (3.2)

1.69 (1.57, 1.83)

<0.0001

1.58 (1.46, 1.70)

<0.0001

 Other psychiatric disorders

115,708 (50.7)

1.15 (1.11, 1.19)

<0.0001

1.08 (1.05, 1.12)

<0.0001

  1. Reference group for each model is No Psychiatric Disorders (n = 105,405 (46.2%)).
  2. Model 1: age, age squared, sex, race, and ethnicity.
  3. Model 2: Model 1 plus obese status, diabetes, cardiovascular disease including hypertension, obstructive sleep apnea, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cancer, chronic kidney disease, liver disease, human immunodeficiency virus, and smoking.
  4. RR relative risk, CI confidence intervals, PTSD post-traumatic stress disorder.
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