Table 4 Total, direct and selected indirect effects of modifiable risk factors and cognitive performance from SES to incident all-cause dementia among older adults, overall (Agebase: 60 + y); NHANES III, 1988–1994a.

From: Pathways explaining racial/ethnic and socio-economic disparities in incident all-cause dementia among older US adults across income groups

 

β

(SE), p

TOTAL EFFECT OF SES

−0.160

(0.067), p = 0.022*

DIRECT EFFECT OF SES

−0.050

(0.070), p = 0.41

SELECTED INDIRECT EFFECTS OF SES

  

SES → LIFESTYLE → DEMENTIA (βG)

−0.0397

(0.0144)**

SES → LIFESTYLE → HEALTH → DEMENTIA (βH)

+0.0004

(0.0032)

SES → LIFESTYLE → HEALTH → COGN→DEMENTIA (βI)

+0.0001

(0.0002)

SES → LIFESTYLE → COGN→DEMENTIA (βJ)

−0.0067

(0.0012)***

SES → COGN→DEMENTIA (βK)

−0.0493

(0.0087)***

  1. AD Alzheimer’s Disease, ALCOHOL alcohol consumption, z-score, COGN Cognitive performance principal component variable (4 measured variables), DIET/NUTR diet and nutritional biomarkers z-score variable (2 dietary quality measures and 4 nutritional biomarkers), HEALTH Health-related factors as mean of z-scores for allostatic load, self-rated health, co-morbidity index and body mass index, LIFESTYLE Lifestyle-related factors composed of social support, physical activity, diet/nutritional biomarkers, smoking and alcohol consumption using means of z-scores for related measured variables, MA Mexican American, N Number of participants, N’ number of observations, NHANES III Third National Health and Nutrition and Examination Survey, NHB Non-Hispanic Blacks, NHW Non-Hispanic White, PA Physical activity z-score variable (3 measured variables), RACE_ETHN racial/ethnic contrast; SES Socioeconomic status mean of z-scores composed of poverty income ratio and education (years), SMOKING smoking z-score variable (2 measured variables); SS Social Support z-score variable (5 measured variables). See Methods section for more details.
  2. aValues are path coefficients β ± SE or nonlinear combinations of path coefficients to compute selected indirect effects, considering sampling design complexity (PSU and strata), across 5 imputations with 10 iterations. For indirect effects, Rubin’s rule was applied in order to pool estimate across the 5 imputations.
  3. *P < 0.05 **P < 0.01 ***P < 0.001 for null hypothesis of β = 0.
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