Table 1 In vivo studies on neuromodulation therapy regulate inflammation.
From: Neuroinflammation mechanisms of neuromodulation therapies for anxiety and depression
Type of Neuromodulation | Disease/model | Treatment targets | Effects on inflammation | references |
|---|---|---|---|---|
TMS | Patients with refractory depression | Left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex | Decrease serum IL-1β and TNF-α | Zhao et al. [87] |
MDD patients | Bilateral DLPFC | No significant difference | Chou et al. [88] | |
CUMS rat model | Vertex of the skull | Decrease hippocampus TNF-α, iNOS, IL-1β, and IL-6 | Tian et al. [24] | |
TES | Bipolar depression patients MDD patients AD patients | DLPFC Anodal on left DLPFC and Cathodal on right DLPFC Bitemporal lobes(40 Hz tACS) | Decrease plasma IL-6 and IL-8 No significant difference Decrease of microglia activation | Goerigk et al. [21] Brunoni et al. (2014), Brunoni et al. [98] Dhaynaut et al. [100] |
Rats model of vascular dementia Healthy mice MCAO mouse model | 2.5 mm posterior to bregma AP + 0.5 mm and ML + 1.5 mm from bregma(anodal tDCS) Ischemic hemispheres | Decrease hippocampal IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α reduce Iba1-positive microglia Increase the number of iNOS-positive M1-polarized microglia | Guo et al. [94] Pikhovych et al. [95] Braun et al. [96] | |
ECT | Resistant major depression patients | Right unilateral and bilateral ECT | Activate peripheral blood mononuclear cells, increases circulating IL-1β, IL-6 | Fluitman et al. [108], Lehtimäki et al. [109] |
CUMS rat model | Bilateral ear clip | Increase hippocampal IL-1β and TNF-α | Zhu et al. (2015) | |
Depression patients | Bitemporal | Decrease in IL-6 levels | Belge et al. (2020) | |
Autoimmune encephalomyelitis | Ear clip | Reduce microglia activation, T cell stimulatory and chemokine expression | Goldfarb et al. [105] | |
Photobiomodulation | Aged rats | Cerebral cortex | Increase hippocampus IL-1α and decrease IL-5 and IL-8 | Cardoso et al. [117] |
TUS | MCAO mouse model LPS-treated mice PD mouse model | Ischemic hemispheres 2 mm posterior to the bregma STN | Increase IL-10、IL-10R and M2 microglia Inhibit activation of TLR4/NF-κB inflammatory signals and reduced TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 Nnormalize the expression NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-1β and COX-2 and NF-κB | Wang et al. [93] Chen et al. [122] Zhou et al. [124] |
DBS | Rats | Infralimbic cortex | Increase expression of glial fibrillary-acidic-protein, TNF-α, and p11 | Perez-Caballero et al. [135] |
Rats | Subthalamic nucleus | Increase the density of PBR | Hirshler et al. (2010) | |
FPI rat model | Lateral cerebellar nucleus | Suppress expression of pro-inflammatory genes, suppress microglial, and astrocytic activation | Chan et al. [136] | |
Pilocarpine-induced SE rat model | Anterior thalamic nucleus | Countered the increase in hippocampal caspase3 activity and IL-6 levels, but had no effect on TNFα | Covolan et al. (2014) | |
6-hydroxydopamine injection Rat PD model | Subthalamic nucleus | Suppress microglia activation and NF-κB expression, decrease IL-1β and IL-6, increase IL-4, downregulate IL-1R, ERK, and cleaved-caspase3 | Chen et al. [138] | |
VNS | Migraineurs | Cervical vagus nerve | Decrease serum IL-1βdecrease in IL-8 | Chaudhry et al. (2019) |
LPS endotoxemia in rats | Peripheral vagus nerve | Inhibit TNF synthesis, attenuate peak serum TNF amounts | Borovikova et al. [139] | |
LPS endotoxemia in mice | Vagus nerve | Reduce the central levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNFα, prevent LPS-induced hippocampal microglial activation | Huffman et al. (2019) Meneses et al. [140] | |
POCD-aged rat model | Auricular vagus nerve | Decrease hippocampus TNF-α, IL-1β, and the expression of NF-κB suppress the elevated level of TNF-α | Cai et al. (2019) | |
CUMS and CCI rat model | Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve | Decrease plasma and multiple brain regions TNF-α | Guo et al. [94] |
